Abstract：
Instrumental appetitive extinction involves the reduction of a previously reinforced response when its occurrence is no longer rewarded. Two experiments with terrestrial toads (Rhinella arenarum) tested whether the occurrence of a nonreinforced response is necessary for response extinction by varying the time of exposure to nonrewarded goal-box stimuli across groups. In Experiment 1, toads that received the same acquisition training (15 sessions, 1 session/day, 300 s of access to water in the goal box) were randomly assigned to two groups. In Group 600 (n=12), animals spent 600 s in the goal box in 8 daily extinction sessions (water present but inaccessible). In Group 0 (n=11), toads performed the runway response (i.e., walking from the start to the goal box) but were removed as soon as they entered the goal box, thus having minimal exposure to nonrewarded goal-box stimuli. The runway response was weakened in Group 600 across extinction trials, but exhibited little change in Group 0. In Experiment 2, toads were randomly assigned to two groups after the same acquisition training. Group 0 (n=7) was treated the same as Group 0 in the previous experiment. In Group RI (retention interval, n=7), toads remained in their home cage for 13 days. Finally, all animals received 4 extinction sessions with 300 s in the empty goal box. There was little behavioral change in Group 0 during the 13 sessions with minimal exposure to the goal box. In extinction, both groups reduced their runway response at similar rates. Although the procedures were instrumental, extinction of the runway response in toads can be accounted for in terms of a Pavlovian approach response to stimuli paired with reward and nonreward in the goal box.
摘要：
器质性食欲灭绝涉及以前增强的反应的减少，当它的发生不再得到回报时。使用陆生蟾蜍（Rhinellaarenarum）进行的两项实验通过改变各组暴露于无回报的目标盒刺激的时间来测试非增强反应的发生是否对于反应灭绝是必要的。在实验1中，接受相同习得训练的蟾蜍(15次，1次/天，在目标框中获取水的300s）被随机分配到两组。在600组中（n=12），动物在8个每日灭绝会议中在目标箱中度过了600秒（水存在但无法进入）。在第0组（n=11）中，蟾蜍执行跑道响应(即，从开始走到目标框)，但一进入目标框就被移除，因此，对无回报的目标框刺激的暴露量最小。在灭绝试验中，600组的跑道反应减弱了，但在第0组中几乎没有变化。在实验2中，在相同的习得训练后，将蟾蜍随机分配到两组。组0(n=7)与先前实验中的组0相同地处理。在RI组中(保留间隔,n=7),蟾蜍在笼子里呆了13天。最后,所有的动物都在空的球门框中接受了4次灭绝，时间为300秒。在13个疗程中，第0组的行为变化很小，对目标框的暴露量最小。在灭绝中，两组均以相似的速率降低跑道响应。尽管程序是有帮助的，蟾蜍跑道反应的灭绝可以通过对刺激的巴甫洛夫进近反应以及目标框中的奖励和非奖励来解释。
