Abstract：
Adjuvants are included in many pesticide spray mixtures to enhance the performance of the applied chemical. Many adjuvants which modify the emulsion or extensional viscosity of the tank-mixture have been found to offer benefits in drift management, primarily by eliminating or reducing the \'Fine\' droplets included in the spray with diameters <100-200 μm that can move off-target in unfavorable conditions during ground, airblast and aerial pesticide applications. Among wind tunnel and field studies conducted around the world, there is consensus that while some adjuvants are effective for drift management, the performance varies on a case-by-case basis, requiring verification for each adjuvant which could be achieved through a programme such as certification based on showing a reduction in Fine droplets and/or a reduction in airborne drift. These can be measured in wind tunnel studies according to international standards. This article provides a review of the current science in this subject area, from the approaches to data collection to a review of existing data and regulatory application for encouraging and rewarding the use of appropriate adjuvants that have been demonstrated to reduce airborne spray drift potential and therefore the size of no-spray buffer zones appropriate to protect nontarget sensitive areas from drift exposure. Some adjuvants can offer the same reduction in drift as offered by hooded sprayer retrofits. A drift reduction programme based on adjuvant use could include testing candidate adjuvants for their effect on droplet size and reduction in Fine droplets when sprayed through reference nozzles and compared against sprays without the adjuvant. Testing could also be based alternatively on measurements of drift potential on collectors such as monofilament line in wind tunnel or field studies. Once shown to be effective in reducing \'Fines\' or spray drift, adjuvants could be certified and then referenced on pesticide labels and/or regulatory or best management practice schemes to encourage their use and offer reductions in use restrictions or no-spray buffer zone sizes based on drift management. Studies have shown that some adjuvants can reduce pesticide leaching into soils and contamination of groundwater, as well as runoff of active ingredients from plants into the environment. Performance depends on the adjuvant type, the pesticide with which it is used, the soil or plant type, the timing and mass of water input from rainfall and climatic factors. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
摘要：
助剂包括在许多农药喷雾混合物中以增强所施用的化学品的性能。已经发现改变罐混合物的乳液或拉伸粘度的许多佐剂在漂移管理中提供益处。主要通过消除或减少直径<100-200μm的喷雾中包含的\'细\'液滴，这些液滴可以在地面期间的不利条件下脱离目标，空袭和空中农药应用。在世界各地进行的风洞和现场研究中，人们一致认为，虽然一些佐剂对漂移管理有效，性能因具体情况而异，需要对每种佐剂进行验证，这可以通过程序来实现，例如基于显示细液滴减少和/或空气漂移减少的认证。这些可以根据国际标准在风洞研究中测量。本文对这一学科领域的当前科学进行了综述，从数据收集的方法到对现有数据和监管应用的审查，以鼓励和奖励使用适当的佐剂，这些佐剂已被证明可以减少空气喷雾漂移的可能性，因此可以适当地保护非目标敏感区域免受漂移暴露。一些佐剂可以提供与连帽喷雾器改装所提供的相同的漂移减少。基于佐剂使用的漂移减少程序可以包括测试候选佐剂对液滴尺寸的影响以及当通过参考喷嘴喷雾时细小液滴的减少,并与没有佐剂的喷雾进行比较。测试也可以替代地基于收集器上的漂移电势的测量,诸如风洞或现场研究中的单丝线。一旦证明能有效减少“罚款”或喷雾漂移，可以对佐剂进行认证，然后在农药标签和/或监管或最佳管理实践方案上引用，以鼓励其使用，并根据漂移管理减少使用限制或无喷雾缓冲区大小。研究表明，一些助剂可以减少农药渗入土壤和污染地下水，以及活性成分从植物流失到环境中。性能取决于佐剂类型，与它一起使用的杀虫剂，土壤或植物类型，降雨和气候因素的水输入时间和质量。©2024作者（S）。害虫管理科学由JohnWiley&SonsLtd代表化学工业学会出版。
