PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease that causes high economical losses in dairy livestock worldwide. Due to the absence of widely available preventive or therapeutical treatments, new alternative therapies are needed. In this study, the effect of a probiotic alone or in combination with a commercial vaccine has been evaluated in a rabbit model. Vaccination enhanced the humoral response, exerted a training effect of peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) against homologous and heterologous stimuli, stimulated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) macrophages, and reduced the bacterial burden in GALT as well. However, the administration of the probiotic after vaccination did not affect the PMN activity, increased metabolic demand, and supressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, although humoral response and bacterial burden decrease in GALT was maintained similar to vaccination alone. The administration of the probiotic alone did not enhance the humoral response or PMN activity, and the bacterial burden in GALT was further increased compared to the only challenged group. In conclusion, the probiotic was able to modulate the immune response hampering the clearance of the infection and was also able to affect the response of innate immune cells after vaccination. This study shows that the administration of a probiotic can modulate the immune response pathways triggered by vaccination and/or infection and even exacerbate the outcome of the disease, bringing forward the importance of verifying treatment combinations in the context of each particular infectious agent.
摘要：
鸟分枝杆菌亚种。副结核病（Map）是副结核病（PTB）的病原体，一种慢性肠道炎性疾病，在全球范围内的奶牛中造成很高的经济损失。由于缺乏广泛可用的预防或治疗方法，需要新的替代疗法。在这项研究中,已在兔模型中评估了益生菌单独或与商业疫苗组合的效果。疫苗接种增强了体液反应，发挥外周多形核中性粒细胞（PMN）对同源和异源刺激的训练作用，刺激肠道相关淋巴组织（GALT）巨噬细胞释放促炎细胞因子，并降低了GALT中的细菌负担。然而,疫苗接种后服用益生菌不会影响PMN活性，代谢需求增加，抑制促炎细胞因子，尽管GALT的体液反应和细菌负荷降低与单独接种疫苗相似。单独施用益生菌不会增强体液反应或PMN活性，与仅受攻击的组相比,GALT中的细菌负荷进一步增加。总之,益生菌能够调节免疫反应，阻碍感染的清除，还能够影响疫苗接种后先天免疫细胞的反应。这项研究表明，服用益生菌可以调节由疫苗接种和/或感染引发的免疫反应途径，甚至加剧疾病的后果。提出了在每种特定感染因子的背景下验证治疗组合的重要性。
