PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Accumulating evidence suggests that domestic water hardness is linked to health outcomes, but its association to all-cause and cause-specific cancers warrants investigation.
UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of domestic hard water with all-cause and cause-specific cancers.
UNASSIGNED: In the prospective cohort study, a total of 447,996 participants from UK Biobank who were free of cancer at baseline were included and followed up for 16 y. All-cause and 22 common cause-specific cancer diagnoses were ascertained using hospital inpatient records and self-reported data until 30 November 2022. Domestic water hardness, measured by CaCO3 concentrations, was obtained from the local water supply companies across England, Scotland, and Wales in 2005. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models, with adjustments for known measured confounders, including demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, biochemical, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
UNASSIGNED: Over a median follow-up of 13.6 y (range: 12.7-14.4 y), 58,028 all-cause cancer events were documented. A U-shaped relationship between domestic water hardness and all-cause cancers was observed (p for nonlinearity <0.001). In comparison with individuals exposed to soft water (0-60mg/L), the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause cancer were 1.00 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.02) for those exposed to moderate hard water (>60-120mg/L), 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.91) for those exposed to hard water (>120-180mg/L) and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.08) for those exposed to very hard water (>180mg/L). Additionally, domestic water hardness was associated with 11 of 22 cause-specific cancers, including cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colorectal tract, lung, breast, prostate, and bladder, as well as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma, and hematological malignancies. Moreover, we observed a positive linear relationship between water hardness and bladder cancer.
UNASSIGNED: Our findings suggest that domestic water hardness was associated with all-cause and multiple cause-specific cancers. Findings from the UK Biobank support a potentially beneficial association between hard water and the incidence of all-cause cancer. However, very hard water may increase the risk of all-cause cancer. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13606.
UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of domestic hard water with all-cause and cause-specific cancers.
UNASSIGNED: In the prospective cohort study, a total of 447,996 participants from UK Biobank who were free of cancer at baseline were included and followed up for 16 y. All-cause and 22 common cause-specific cancer diagnoses were ascertained using hospital inpatient records and self-reported data until 30 November 2022. Domestic water hardness, measured by CaCO3 concentrations, was obtained from the local water supply companies across England, Scotland, and Wales in 2005. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models, with adjustments for known measured confounders, including demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, biochemical, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
UNASSIGNED: Over a median follow-up of 13.6 y (range: 12.7-14.4 y), 58,028 all-cause cancer events were documented. A U-shaped relationship between domestic water hardness and all-cause cancers was observed (p for nonlinearity <0.001). In comparison with individuals exposed to soft water (0-60mg/L), the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause cancer were 1.00 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.02) for those exposed to moderate hard water (>60-120mg/L), 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.91) for those exposed to hard water (>120-180mg/L) and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.08) for those exposed to very hard water (>180mg/L). Additionally, domestic water hardness was associated with 11 of 22 cause-specific cancers, including cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colorectal tract, lung, breast, prostate, and bladder, as well as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma, and hematological malignancies. Moreover, we observed a positive linear relationship between water hardness and bladder cancer.
UNASSIGNED: Our findings suggest that domestic water hardness was associated with all-cause and multiple cause-specific cancers. Findings from the UK Biobank support a potentially beneficial association between hard water and the incidence of all-cause cancer. However, very hard water may increase the risk of all-cause cancer. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13606.
摘要：
■越来越多的证据表明，生活用水硬度与健康结果有关，但它与全因和特定原因癌症的联系值得调查。
■这项研究的目的是调查家庭硬水与全因和特定原因癌症的关系。
■在前瞻性队列研究中，纳入了来自英国生物银行的447,996名基线时没有癌症的参与者,并对其进行了16年的随访。我们使用医院住院记录和自我报告的数据确定了所有原因和22例常见原因特异性癌症诊断,直至2022年11月30日.生活用水硬度,用CaCO3浓度测量，是从英国当地的供水公司获得的，苏格兰,2005年，威尔士。使用Cox比例风险模型分析数据，通过对已知测量的混杂因素的调整，包括人口统计，社会经济,临床,生物化学，生活方式,和环境因素。
■随访中位数为13.6y（范围：12.7-14.4y），记录了58,028例全因癌症事件。观察到生活水硬度与全因癌症之间的U形关系（p表示非线性<0.001）。与暴露于软水（0-60mg/L）的个体相比，暴露于中度硬水（>60-120mg/L）的患者，全因癌症的风险比（HR）和95％置信区间（CIs）为1.00（95％CI：0.98，1.02），暴露于硬水（>120-180mg/L）的患者为0.88（95％CI：0.84，0.91），暴露于非常硬水（>180mg/L）的患者为1.06（95％CI：1.04，1.08）。此外,家庭水硬度与22种特定原因癌症中的11种有关，包括食道癌，胃,结直肠,肺，乳房,前列腺,和膀胱，以及非霍奇金淋巴瘤,多发性骨髓瘤,恶性黑色素瘤,和血液恶性肿瘤。此外，我们观察到水硬度与膀胱癌之间呈正线性关系。
■我们的研究结果表明，生活用水硬度与全因和多因特异性癌症有关。英国生物银行的研究结果支持硬水与全因癌症发病率之间的潜在有益关联。然而,非常坚硬的水可能会增加全因癌症的风险。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13606.
■这项研究的目的是调查家庭硬水与全因和特定原因癌症的关系。
■在前瞻性队列研究中，纳入了来自英国生物银行的447,996名基线时没有癌症的参与者,并对其进行了16年的随访。我们使用医院住院记录和自我报告的数据确定了所有原因和22例常见原因特异性癌症诊断,直至2022年11月30日.生活用水硬度,用CaCO3浓度测量，是从英国当地的供水公司获得的，苏格兰,2005年，威尔士。使用Cox比例风险模型分析数据，通过对已知测量的混杂因素的调整，包括人口统计，社会经济,临床,生物化学，生活方式,和环境因素。
■随访中位数为13.6y（范围：12.7-14.4y），记录了58,028例全因癌症事件。观察到生活水硬度与全因癌症之间的U形关系（p表示非线性<0.001）。与暴露于软水（0-60mg/L）的个体相比，暴露于中度硬水（>60-120mg/L）的患者，全因癌症的风险比（HR）和95％置信区间（CIs）为1.00（95％CI：0.98，1.02），暴露于硬水（>120-180mg/L）的患者为0.88（95％CI：0.84，0.91），暴露于非常硬水（>180mg/L）的患者为1.06（95％CI：1.04，1.08）。此外,家庭水硬度与22种特定原因癌症中的11种有关，包括食道癌，胃,结直肠,肺，乳房,前列腺,和膀胱，以及非霍奇金淋巴瘤,多发性骨髓瘤,恶性黑色素瘤,和血液恶性肿瘤。此外，我们观察到水硬度与膀胱癌之间呈正线性关系。
■我们的研究结果表明，生活用水硬度与全因和多因特异性癌症有关。英国生物银行的研究结果支持硬水与全因癌症发病率之间的潜在有益关联。然而,非常坚硬的水可能会增加全因癌症的风险。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13606.
