Abstract：
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, an additive manufacturing technique, is increasingly used in the field of tissue engineering. The ability to create complex structures with high precision makes the 3D printing of this material a preferred method for constructing personalized and functional materials. However, the challenge lies in developing affordable and accessible materials with the desired physiochemical and biological properties. In this study, we used eggshell microparticles (ESPs), an example of bioceramic and unconventional biomaterials, to reinforce thermoplastic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds via extrusion-based 3D printing. The goal was to conceive a sustainable, affordable, and unique personalized medicine approach. The scaffolds were fabricated with varying concentrations of eggshells, ranging from 0 to 50% (w/w) in the PCL scaffolds. To assess the physicochemical properties, we employed scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Mechanical properties were evaluated through compression testing, and degradation kinetics were studied through accelerated degradation with the remaining mass ranging between 89.4 and 28.3%. In vitro, we evaluated the characteristics of the scaffolds using the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts over a 14 day period. In vitro characterization involved the use of the Alamar blue assay, confocal imaging, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of 3D printed biocomposite scaffolds, consisting of thermoplastic PCL reinforced with ESPs, as a promising alternative for bone-graft applications.
摘要：
三维（3D）打印，一种增材制造技术，越来越多地应用于组织工程领域。以高精度创建复杂结构的能力使这种材料的3D打印成为构建个性化和功能性材料的首选方法。然而,挑战在于开发具有所需生理化学和生物学特性的负担得起且易于获得的材料。在这项研究中,我们使用了蛋壳微粒（ESPs），生物陶瓷和非常规生物材料的例子，通过基于挤出的3D打印来增强热塑性聚（ε-己内酯）（PCL）支架。我们的目标是构思一个可持续的，负担得起的,和独特的个性化医疗方法。支架是用不同浓度的蛋壳制成的，范围从0到50％（w/w）在PCL支架。为了评估物理化学性质，我们使用扫描电子显微镜，傅里叶变换红外光谱,热重分析,差示扫描量热法,和X射线衍射分析。机械性能通过压缩测试进行评估，并通过加速降解研究了降解动力学，剩余质量在89.4％至28.3％之间。体外，我们使用MC3T3-E1前成骨细胞在14天内评估了支架的特征。体外表征涉及使用Alamar蓝测定法，共焦成像，和实时定量聚合酶链反应。这项研究的结果证明了3D打印生物复合支架的潜力，由用ESP增强的热塑性PCL组成，作为骨移植应用的有希望的替代方案。
