Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The gingival biotype (GB) influences treatment planning and clinical outcomes in several dental specialties. This study aimed to investigate the associations between the GB and various clinical crown and periodontal parameters, such as probing depth (PD), papillary height (PH), keratinized tissue width (KTW), crown width/crown length ratio (CW/CL), and gingival thickness (GT). The secondary objective was to evaluate the optimal cutoff values for all parameters to determine the GB in both the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 50 healthy individuals (26 men and 24 women) aged between 20 and 35 years. The GB was determined as a binary variable based on the transparency of a periodontal probe through the buccal gingival margin (TRAN). The clinical crown and periodontal parameters, such as PH, PD, KTW, GT (free gingival thickness [FGT] and attached gingival thickness [AGT]), and the CW/CL ratio were measured. The associations between different variables were evaluated by the chi-square test. Correlations between various clinical parameters and GB were assessed using point-biserial correlation analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and the Youden index were used to calculate the optimal cutoff values for the PH, PD, KTW, FGT, AGT, and CW/CL ratio to discriminate GB. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS: The mean age of the males was 28.23 ± 2.81 years, while that of the females was 27.08 ± 2.85 years. Thick GB was present in 56% of individuals, and thin GB was present in 44% of individuals. Compared with females, males had a predilection for thick GB compared with females. According to the ROC analysis, the cutoff values to discriminate GB for mandibular anterior teeth were 3.4 mm for PH, 1.96 mm for PD, 4.21 mm for KTW, 0.98 mm for FGT, 0.43 mm for AGT, and 0.91 for the CW/CL ratio. Similarly, the cutoff values for discriminating the GB for maxillary anterior teeth were 4.02 mm for PH, 1.92 mm for PD, 3.89 mm for KTW, 1.02 mm for FGT, 0.42 mm for AGT, and 0.83 for the CW/CL ratio. PH, PD, and FGT showed strong positive correlations with GB, whereas KTW, AGT, and the CW/CL ratio showed weak positive correlation with GB.
CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, a significant association between all clinical crown and periodontal parameters with the GB has been confirmed. FGT for mandibular anterior teeth and PH for the mandibular anterior teeth have emerged as the most reliable measurements to differentiate between thick and thin GB based on ROC analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: All the clinical parameters such as papillary height, probing depth, width of keratinized gingiva, gingival thickness, and crown width/height ratio were significantly associated with gingival biotype. Free gingival thickness for mandibular anterior teeth and papillary height for the maxillary anterior teeth have emerged as the most reliable measurement to differentiate between thick and thin gingival biotypes.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 50 healthy individuals (26 men and 24 women) aged between 20 and 35 years. The GB was determined as a binary variable based on the transparency of a periodontal probe through the buccal gingival margin (TRAN). The clinical crown and periodontal parameters, such as PH, PD, KTW, GT (free gingival thickness [FGT] and attached gingival thickness [AGT]), and the CW/CL ratio were measured. The associations between different variables were evaluated by the chi-square test. Correlations between various clinical parameters and GB were assessed using point-biserial correlation analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and the Youden index were used to calculate the optimal cutoff values for the PH, PD, KTW, FGT, AGT, and CW/CL ratio to discriminate GB. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS: The mean age of the males was 28.23 ± 2.81 years, while that of the females was 27.08 ± 2.85 years. Thick GB was present in 56% of individuals, and thin GB was present in 44% of individuals. Compared with females, males had a predilection for thick GB compared with females. According to the ROC analysis, the cutoff values to discriminate GB for mandibular anterior teeth were 3.4 mm for PH, 1.96 mm for PD, 4.21 mm for KTW, 0.98 mm for FGT, 0.43 mm for AGT, and 0.91 for the CW/CL ratio. Similarly, the cutoff values for discriminating the GB for maxillary anterior teeth were 4.02 mm for PH, 1.92 mm for PD, 3.89 mm for KTW, 1.02 mm for FGT, 0.42 mm for AGT, and 0.83 for the CW/CL ratio. PH, PD, and FGT showed strong positive correlations with GB, whereas KTW, AGT, and the CW/CL ratio showed weak positive correlation with GB.
CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, a significant association between all clinical crown and periodontal parameters with the GB has been confirmed. FGT for mandibular anterior teeth and PH for the mandibular anterior teeth have emerged as the most reliable measurements to differentiate between thick and thin GB based on ROC analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: All the clinical parameters such as papillary height, probing depth, width of keratinized gingiva, gingival thickness, and crown width/height ratio were significantly associated with gingival biotype. Free gingival thickness for mandibular anterior teeth and papillary height for the maxillary anterior teeth have emerged as the most reliable measurement to differentiate between thick and thin gingival biotypes.
摘要：
背景：牙龈生物型（GB）影响几个牙科专业的治疗计划和临床结果。本研究旨在探讨GB与各种临床牙冠和牙周参数之间的关系，例如探测深度(PD)，乳头高度（PH），角化组织宽度（KTW），冠宽/冠长比（CW/CL），和牙龈厚度（GT）。次要目标是评估所有参数的最佳临界值，以确定上颌和下颌前牙的GB。
方法：这项横断面研究包括50名年龄在20至35岁之间的健康个体（26名男性和24名女性）。根据牙周探针通过口腔牙龈边缘（TRAN）的透明度，将GB确定为二元变量。临床牙冠和牙周参数，如PH,PD,KTW,GT（游离牙龈厚度[FGT]和附着牙龈厚度[AGT]），测量CW/CL比。通过卡方检验评估不同变量之间的关联。使用点双材料相关性分析评估了各种临床参数与GB之间的相关性。接收器工作特性（ROC）分析和Youden指数用于计算pH值的最佳截止值，PD,KTW,FGT,AGT,和CW/CL比率来区分GB。统计学显著性水平设定为p<0.05。
结果：男性的平均年龄为28.23±2.81岁，而女性为27.08±2.85岁。56％的人中存在厚GB，和薄的GB存在于44％的个体。与女性相比，与女性相比，男性倾向于厚厚的GB。根据ROC分析,区分下颌前牙GB的临界值为PH为3.4mm，1.96毫米的PD，4.21毫米，适用于KTW，FGT为0.98mm，AGT为0.43毫米，CW/CL比率为0.91。同样，区分上颌前牙的GB的临界值为PH为4.02mm，1.92毫米的PD，KTW为3.89mm,FGT为1.02mm，AGT为0.42mm，CW/CL比率为0.83。PH,PD,FGT与GB呈较强的正相关，而KTW,AGT,CW/CL比值与GB呈弱正相关。
结论：在本研究的局限性内，已证实所有临床牙冠和牙周参数与GB之间存在显着关联。基于ROC分析，下颌前牙的FGT和下颌前牙的PH已成为区分厚GB和薄GB的最可靠测量。
结论：所有临床参数，如乳头高度，探测深度,角化牙龈的宽度，牙龈厚度，冠宽/高比与牙龈生物型显著相关。下颌前牙的游离牙龈厚度和上颌前牙的乳头高度已成为区分厚牙龈生物型和薄牙龈生物型的最可靠指标。
方法：这项横断面研究包括50名年龄在20至35岁之间的健康个体（26名男性和24名女性）。根据牙周探针通过口腔牙龈边缘（TRAN）的透明度，将GB确定为二元变量。临床牙冠和牙周参数，如PH,PD,KTW,GT（游离牙龈厚度[FGT]和附着牙龈厚度[AGT]），测量CW/CL比。通过卡方检验评估不同变量之间的关联。使用点双材料相关性分析评估了各种临床参数与GB之间的相关性。接收器工作特性（ROC）分析和Youden指数用于计算pH值的最佳截止值，PD,KTW,FGT,AGT,和CW/CL比率来区分GB。统计学显著性水平设定为p<0.05。
结果：男性的平均年龄为28.23±2.81岁，而女性为27.08±2.85岁。56％的人中存在厚GB，和薄的GB存在于44％的个体。与女性相比，与女性相比，男性倾向于厚厚的GB。根据ROC分析,区分下颌前牙GB的临界值为PH为3.4mm，1.96毫米的PD，4.21毫米，适用于KTW，FGT为0.98mm，AGT为0.43毫米，CW/CL比率为0.91。同样，区分上颌前牙的GB的临界值为PH为4.02mm，1.92毫米的PD，KTW为3.89mm,FGT为1.02mm，AGT为0.42mm，CW/CL比率为0.83。PH,PD,FGT与GB呈较强的正相关，而KTW,AGT,CW/CL比值与GB呈弱正相关。
结论：在本研究的局限性内，已证实所有临床牙冠和牙周参数与GB之间存在显着关联。基于ROC分析，下颌前牙的FGT和下颌前牙的PH已成为区分厚GB和薄GB的最可靠测量。
结论：所有临床参数，如乳头高度，探测深度,角化牙龈的宽度，牙龈厚度，冠宽/高比与牙龈生物型显著相关。下颌前牙的游离牙龈厚度和上颌前牙的乳头高度已成为区分厚牙龈生物型和薄牙龈生物型的最可靠指标。
