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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption poses a significant global public health challenge because of its adverse effects on oral health. Although the detrimental impact of SLT on oral tissues is well-documented, understanding its multifaceted effects is essential for effective prevention and intervention strategies.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of SLT on oral health, focusing on various clinical parameters and their differences between placement and non-placement sites of SLT.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 528 habitual users of SLT was conducted. Clinical parameters included the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), gingival recession (GR), and probing depth (PD). Oral mucosal changes at SLT placement sites have also been reported. Statistical analysis was performed to compare parameters between the placement and non-placement sites.
RESULTS: The study involved 528 subjects, mostly male (82%) and aged 21-40 years (mean±SD=31.14±9.10), habitual users of SLT. Prevalent SLT types included tobacco with betel nuts/masala/gutkha (59.9%) and tobacco with lime (54.5%). Significant differences were observed between SLT placement and non-placement sites: higher gingival inflammation (GI) at placement sites (1.54±0.61 vs. 1.45±0.54, p=0.01), lower GBI at placement sites (40.0% vs. 84.3%, p=0.001), and more prevalent GR (65.7% vs. 34.3%, p=0.03) at placement sites. Probing depths ≥ 3 mm were also less frequent at placement sites (2.67±0.72) than non-placement sites (3.37±1.03, p=0.001). These results highlight the detrimental impact of SLT on periodontal health, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions among SLT users.
CONCLUSIONS: SLT use is associated with adverse effects on oral health, including GI, plaque accumulation, gingival bleeding, GR, and changes in the oral mucosa. Targeted interventions and public health policies are needed to address these issues effectively.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of SLT on oral health, focusing on various clinical parameters and their differences between placement and non-placement sites of SLT.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 528 habitual users of SLT was conducted. Clinical parameters included the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), gingival recession (GR), and probing depth (PD). Oral mucosal changes at SLT placement sites have also been reported. Statistical analysis was performed to compare parameters between the placement and non-placement sites.
RESULTS: The study involved 528 subjects, mostly male (82%) and aged 21-40 years (mean±SD=31.14±9.10), habitual users of SLT. Prevalent SLT types included tobacco with betel nuts/masala/gutkha (59.9%) and tobacco with lime (54.5%). Significant differences were observed between SLT placement and non-placement sites: higher gingival inflammation (GI) at placement sites (1.54±0.61 vs. 1.45±0.54, p=0.01), lower GBI at placement sites (40.0% vs. 84.3%, p=0.001), and more prevalent GR (65.7% vs. 34.3%, p=0.03) at placement sites. Probing depths ≥ 3 mm were also less frequent at placement sites (2.67±0.72) than non-placement sites (3.37±1.03, p=0.001). These results highlight the detrimental impact of SLT on periodontal health, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions among SLT users.
CONCLUSIONS: SLT use is associated with adverse effects on oral health, including GI, plaque accumulation, gingival bleeding, GR, and changes in the oral mucosa. Targeted interventions and public health policies are needed to address these issues effectively.
摘要：
背景：无烟烟草（SLT）的消费对口腔健康有不利影响，因此对全球公共卫生构成了重大挑战。虽然SLT对口腔组织的有害影响是有据可查的，了解其多方面的影响对于有效的预防和干预策略至关重要。
目的：本研究旨在全面评估SLT对口腔健康的影响，重点关注SLT的各种临床参数及其放置和非放置部位之间的差异。
方法：进行了一项涉及528名习惯性SLT使用者的横断面研究。临床参数包括菌斑指数（PI），牙龈指数（GI），牙龈出血指数（GBI），牙龈衰退（GR），探测深度（PD）。还报道了SLT放置部位的口腔粘膜变化。进行统计分析以比较放置和非放置部位之间的参数。
结果：这项研究涉及528名受试者，大多数为男性（82％），年龄21-40岁（平均值±SD=31.14±9.10），SLT的习惯性用户。流行的SLT类型包括带有槟榔/masala/gutkha的烟草（59.9％）和带有石灰的烟草（54.5％）。SLT放置和非放置部位之间观察到显着差异：放置部位的牙龈炎症（GI）较高（1.54±0.61vs.1.45±0.54，p=0.01），配售地点的GBI较低（40.0%与84.3%,p=0.001),和更普遍的GR（65.7%与34.3%,p=0.03)在放置地点。放置部位（2.67±0.72）的探测深度≥3mm的频率也低于非放置部位（3.37±1.03，p=0.001）。这些结果突出了SLT对牙周健康的有害影响，强调需要在SLT用户中进行有针对性的干预。
结论：SLT的使用与口腔健康的不良影响有关，包括GI,斑块积累，牙龈出血,GR,和口腔粘膜的变化。需要有针对性的干预措施和公共卫生政策来有效解决这些问题。
目的：本研究旨在全面评估SLT对口腔健康的影响，重点关注SLT的各种临床参数及其放置和非放置部位之间的差异。
方法：进行了一项涉及528名习惯性SLT使用者的横断面研究。临床参数包括菌斑指数（PI），牙龈指数（GI），牙龈出血指数（GBI），牙龈衰退（GR），探测深度（PD）。还报道了SLT放置部位的口腔粘膜变化。进行统计分析以比较放置和非放置部位之间的参数。
结果：这项研究涉及528名受试者，大多数为男性（82％），年龄21-40岁（平均值±SD=31.14±9.10），SLT的习惯性用户。流行的SLT类型包括带有槟榔/masala/gutkha的烟草（59.9％）和带有石灰的烟草（54.5％）。SLT放置和非放置部位之间观察到显着差异：放置部位的牙龈炎症（GI）较高（1.54±0.61vs.1.45±0.54，p=0.01），配售地点的GBI较低（40.0%与84.3%,p=0.001),和更普遍的GR（65.7%与34.3%,p=0.03)在放置地点。放置部位（2.67±0.72）的探测深度≥3mm的频率也低于非放置部位（3.37±1.03，p=0.001）。这些结果突出了SLT对牙周健康的有害影响，强调需要在SLT用户中进行有针对性的干预。
结论：SLT的使用与口腔健康的不良影响有关，包括GI,斑块积累，牙龈出血,GR,和口腔粘膜的变化。需要有针对性的干预措施和公共卫生政策来有效解决这些问题。
