Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The use of protein supplements by athletes has risen due to their effectiveness in meeting dietary needs. However, there is a growing concern about the presence of potentially toxic metals (PTMs. Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in these supplements. Consequently, it is crucial to evaluate the levels of these PTMs to ensure the safety of the supplements.
METHODS: The objective of the current study was to assess the PTMs concentrations in protein supplements and examine any possible health hazards. Twenty-five samples of protein supplements were purchased from different pharmacies to screen them for metals. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was utilized to analyze metal content. Additionally, chemometric methods such as Pearson\'s correlation coefficient (PCC), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to identify possible sources of PTMs contamination in protein supplements.
RESULTS: Concentration ranges for PTMs were found as, Al (0.03-3.05 mg/kg), Cr (0.11-0.89 mg/kg), Mn (1.13-8.40 mg/kg), Ni (0.06-0.71 mg/kg), Cu (1.05-5.51 mg/kg), Zn (2.14-27.10 mg/kg), Cd (0.01-0.78 mg/kg), and Pb (0.06-0.57 mg/kg). The weekly intake of Cd exceeded the level of tolerable weekly intake (TWI) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
CONCLUSIONS: Athletes, bodybuilders, fitness enthusiasts, dieters, young adults and adolescents, and health-conscious individuals should be conscious of Cd concentration as it does not compliance the TWI set by EFSA. Target hazard quotient (THQ < 1), hazard index (HI < 1), margin of exposure (MOE ≥ 1), percentile permitted daily exposure (% PDE < 100), and cumulative cancer risk (CCR < 1 × 10-3) analyses revealed that there are no appreciable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with the use of these products.
METHODS: The objective of the current study was to assess the PTMs concentrations in protein supplements and examine any possible health hazards. Twenty-five samples of protein supplements were purchased from different pharmacies to screen them for metals. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was utilized to analyze metal content. Additionally, chemometric methods such as Pearson\'s correlation coefficient (PCC), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to identify possible sources of PTMs contamination in protein supplements.
RESULTS: Concentration ranges for PTMs were found as, Al (0.03-3.05 mg/kg), Cr (0.11-0.89 mg/kg), Mn (1.13-8.40 mg/kg), Ni (0.06-0.71 mg/kg), Cu (1.05-5.51 mg/kg), Zn (2.14-27.10 mg/kg), Cd (0.01-0.78 mg/kg), and Pb (0.06-0.57 mg/kg). The weekly intake of Cd exceeded the level of tolerable weekly intake (TWI) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
CONCLUSIONS: Athletes, bodybuilders, fitness enthusiasts, dieters, young adults and adolescents, and health-conscious individuals should be conscious of Cd concentration as it does not compliance the TWI set by EFSA. Target hazard quotient (THQ < 1), hazard index (HI < 1), margin of exposure (MOE ≥ 1), percentile permitted daily exposure (% PDE < 100), and cumulative cancer risk (CCR < 1 × 10-3) analyses revealed that there are no appreciable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with the use of these products.
摘要：
背景：由于蛋白质补充剂在满足饮食需求方面的有效性，运动员对蛋白质补充剂的使用有所增加。然而,人们越来越担心潜在有毒金属的存在(PTMs.Al，Cr,Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,和Pb）在这些补充剂中。因此,评估这些PTM的水平以确保补充剂的安全性至关重要.
方法：本研究的目的是评估蛋白质补充剂中的PTM浓度，并检查任何可能的健康危害。从不同的药店购买了25个蛋白质补充剂样品，以筛选它们的金属。利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)分析金属含量。此外,化学计量学方法，如皮尔逊相关系数(PCC)，主成分分析(PCA)，和层次聚类分析（HCA）用于确定蛋白质补充剂中PTM污染的可能来源。
结果：发现PTM的浓度范围为：铝（0.03-3.05mg/kg），Cr(0.11-0.89mg/kg),锰（1.13-8.40毫克/千克），Ni（0.06-0.71mg/kg），铜（1.05-5.51mg/kg），锌（2.14-27.10mg/kg），Cd（0.01-0.78mg/kg），和铅（0.06-0.57mg/kg）。Cd的每周摄入量超过了欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）设定的可容忍每周摄入量（TWI）的水平。
结论：运动员，健美运动员,健身爱好者,节食者,年轻人和青少年，有健康意识的个人应该意识到Cd浓度，因为它不符合EFSA设定的TWI。目标危险商（THQ<1），危险指数(HI<1)，暴露裕度(MOE≥1)，允许的每日暴露百分位数(%PDE<100)，和累积癌症风险（CCR<1×10-3）分析表明，使用这些产品没有明显的非致癌和致癌健康风险。
方法：本研究的目的是评估蛋白质补充剂中的PTM浓度，并检查任何可能的健康危害。从不同的药店购买了25个蛋白质补充剂样品，以筛选它们的金属。利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)分析金属含量。此外,化学计量学方法，如皮尔逊相关系数(PCC)，主成分分析(PCA)，和层次聚类分析（HCA）用于确定蛋白质补充剂中PTM污染的可能来源。
结果：发现PTM的浓度范围为：铝（0.03-3.05mg/kg），Cr(0.11-0.89mg/kg),锰（1.13-8.40毫克/千克），Ni（0.06-0.71mg/kg），铜（1.05-5.51mg/kg），锌（2.14-27.10mg/kg），Cd（0.01-0.78mg/kg），和铅（0.06-0.57mg/kg）。Cd的每周摄入量超过了欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）设定的可容忍每周摄入量（TWI）的水平。
结论：运动员，健美运动员,健身爱好者,节食者,年轻人和青少年，有健康意识的个人应该意识到Cd浓度，因为它不符合EFSA设定的TWI。目标危险商（THQ<1），危险指数(HI<1)，暴露裕度(MOE≥1)，允许的每日暴露百分位数(%PDE<100)，和累积癌症风险（CCR<1×10-3）分析表明，使用这些产品没有明显的非致癌和致癌健康风险。
