PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Deceptive movements occur when an actor seeks to fake, hide or delay kinematic information about their true movement outcomes. The purpose of deceptive movements is to impair the perception of opponents (the \'observer\') to gain an advantage over them. We argue though that a lack of conceptual clarity has led to confusion about what deception is and in understanding the different approaches by which an actor can deceive their opponent. The aim of this article is to outline a conceptual framework for understanding deceptive movements in sport.
METHODS: Adopting Interpersonal Deception Theory from the field of communication, we define deception as when an actor deliberately alters their actions in an attempt to impair the ability of an observer to anticipate their true action outcomes. Further, deception can be achieved either by what we define as deceit, the act of providing false information, or disguise, the act of concealing the action outcome. Skilled athletes often have actions that are difficult to anticipate, but an action is only classified as containing deception if the actor has explicit intent to deceive an observer. Having outlined the conceptual framework, we then review existing empirical findings on the skilled perception of deceptive movements considering the framework. This approach includes a critical evaluation of the mechanisms known to facilitate the perceptual ability to prevent being deceived, including a consideration of visual search strategies, confidence, the contribution of visual and motor experiences, and the influence of response biases and action capabilities on perceptual performance.
CONCLUSIONS: The distinction between deceit and disguise particularly helps to show that most research has examined deceit, with little known about how an actor can more effectively disguise their action, or about how an observer can improve their ability to anticipate the outcome of disguised actions. The insights help to identify fruitful areas for future research and outline implications for skill acquisition and performance enhancement.
METHODS: Adopting Interpersonal Deception Theory from the field of communication, we define deception as when an actor deliberately alters their actions in an attempt to impair the ability of an observer to anticipate their true action outcomes. Further, deception can be achieved either by what we define as deceit, the act of providing false information, or disguise, the act of concealing the action outcome. Skilled athletes often have actions that are difficult to anticipate, but an action is only classified as containing deception if the actor has explicit intent to deceive an observer. Having outlined the conceptual framework, we then review existing empirical findings on the skilled perception of deceptive movements considering the framework. This approach includes a critical evaluation of the mechanisms known to facilitate the perceptual ability to prevent being deceived, including a consideration of visual search strategies, confidence, the contribution of visual and motor experiences, and the influence of response biases and action capabilities on perceptual performance.
CONCLUSIONS: The distinction between deceit and disguise particularly helps to show that most research has examined deceit, with little known about how an actor can more effectively disguise their action, or about how an observer can improve their ability to anticipate the outcome of disguised actions. The insights help to identify fruitful areas for future research and outline implications for skill acquisition and performance enhancement.
摘要：
背景：当演员试图伪造时，就会发生欺骗性的动作，隐藏或延迟有关其真实运动结果的运动学信息。欺骗性运动的目的是削弱对手（“观察者”）的感知，以获得对他们的优势。我们认为，缺乏概念上的明确性导致人们对欺骗是什么以及理解演员可以欺骗对手的不同方法感到困惑。本文的目的是概述一个概念框架，用于理解体育运动中的欺骗性运动。
方法：从交际领域采用人际欺骗理论，我们将欺骗定义为当演员故意改变他们的行为，试图削弱观察者预测他们真实行为结果的能力。Further,欺骗可以通过我们定义的欺骗来实现，提供虚假信息的行为，或者伪装，隐瞒行动结果的行为。熟练的运动员往往会有难以预料的动作,但是，只有当演员有明确的意图欺骗观察者时，行为才被归类为包含欺骗。在概述了概念框架之后，然后，我们回顾现有的经验发现，熟练的感知欺骗运动考虑框架。这种方法包括对已知的机制进行严格评估，以促进防止被欺骗的感知能力，包括视觉搜索策略的考虑，信心,视觉和运动体验的贡献，以及反应偏差和行动能力对知觉表现的影响。
结论：欺骗和伪装之间的区别特别有助于表明大多数研究都检查了欺骗，鲜为人知的是演员如何更有效地掩饰自己的行为，或者观察者如何提高他们预测伪装行为结果的能力。这些见解有助于确定未来研究的富有成果的领域，并概述对技能获取和绩效提高的影响。
方法：从交际领域采用人际欺骗理论，我们将欺骗定义为当演员故意改变他们的行为，试图削弱观察者预测他们真实行为结果的能力。Further,欺骗可以通过我们定义的欺骗来实现，提供虚假信息的行为，或者伪装，隐瞒行动结果的行为。熟练的运动员往往会有难以预料的动作,但是，只有当演员有明确的意图欺骗观察者时，行为才被归类为包含欺骗。在概述了概念框架之后，然后，我们回顾现有的经验发现，熟练的感知欺骗运动考虑框架。这种方法包括对已知的机制进行严格评估，以促进防止被欺骗的感知能力，包括视觉搜索策略的考虑，信心,视觉和运动体验的贡献，以及反应偏差和行动能力对知觉表现的影响。
结论：欺骗和伪装之间的区别特别有助于表明大多数研究都检查了欺骗，鲜为人知的是演员如何更有效地掩饰自己的行为，或者观察者如何提高他们预测伪装行为结果的能力。这些见解有助于确定未来研究的富有成果的领域，并概述对技能获取和绩效提高的影响。
