Abstract：
Stereology, the gold standard of lung morphometry, critically depends on sampling of tissue for analysis. Random sampling approaches guarantee each part of the organ an equal chance of being included in the analysis, hence they guarantee a representative sample of the whole. However, when biological or pathological structures of interest are rare and/or heterogeneously distributed over the whole lung, the random sampling approach can be inefficient or even result in meaningless data. In such cases, a targeted sampling approach can be useful which helps to relate the analytical items to an appropriate reference space. Targeted stereology greatly benefits from the increasing availability of multi-resolution imaging techniques at macroscopic and microscopic level as well as digital tools of segmentation. As such, the present article outlines two basic sampling scenarios: 1. In the first scenario, computed tomography and microscopy are subsequently used to segment the airway/arterial tree and perform stereological measurements on specific branches of the tree. 2. The second scenario deals with heterogeneous distribution of pathological lesions. This type of analysis can be divided into two stages: assessment of lesions of interest (LOI) within the lung and assessment of subcompartments within LOI. Taken together, targeted stereology has a thorough foundation in stereological theory and is not only able to significantly increase the efficiency of the analysis but also to yield new types of information that would be lost with the classical random sampling approach.
摘要：
体视学,肺形态测量的黄金标准,关键取决于组织的采样进行分析。随机抽样方法保证器官的每个部分都有平等的机会被包括在分析中，因此，他们保证整体的代表性样本。然而,当感兴趣的生物或病理结构罕见和/或不均匀地分布在整个肺时，随机抽样方法可能效率低下，甚至导致无意义的数据。在这种情况下,有针对性的抽样方法可能是有用的，这有助于将分析项目与适当的参考空间联系起来。目标立体学极大地受益于宏观和微观水平的多分辨率成像技术以及数字分割工具的日益增加的可用性。因此，本文概述了两个基本的抽样场景:1.在第一种情况下，随后使用计算机断层扫描和显微镜对气道/动脉树进行分段,并对树的特定分支进行立体测量.2.第二种情况涉及病理性病变的异质分布。这种类型的分析可以分为两个阶段：评估肺内的目标病变（LOI）和评估LOI内的子区室。一起来看,有针对性的体视学在体视学理论有一个彻底的基础，不仅能够显着提高分析的效率，而且产生新类型的信息，将失去与经典的随机抽样方法。
