UNASSIGNED: Palmitate itself slightly but significantly augments GBS proliferation. Palmitate and GBS co-stimulation synergized to induce many inflammatory proteins and cytokines, particularly IL-1β and matrix metalloproteinase 9 from DSCs, CTBs, and macrophages, but not from AECs. Many of these findings are recapitulated when treating cells with palmitate and a TLR2 or TLR4 agonist, suggesting broad applicability of palmitate-pathogen synergy. Co-culture of macrophages with DSCs or CTBs, upon co-stimulation with GBS and palmitate, resulted in increased inflammatory responses, contrary to previous work in the absence of palmitate. In whole gestational membrane biopsies, the amnion layer appeared to dampen immune responses from the DSC and CTB layers (the choriodecidua) to GBS and palmitate co-stimulation. Addition of the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate, the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid in circulation, dampened the proinflammatory effect of palmitate.
UNASSIGNED: These studies reveal a complex interplay between the immunological response of the distinct layers of the gestational membrane to GBS infection and that such responses can be altered by exposure to long-chain saturated fatty acids. These data provide insight into how metabolic syndromes such as obesity might contribute to an increased risk for GBS disease during pregnancy.
■棕榈酸盐本身轻微但显著增加GBS增殖。棕榈酸盐和GBS共刺激协同诱导许多炎症蛋白和细胞因子,特别是来自DSC的IL-1β和基质金属蛋白酶9,CTB,和巨噬细胞,但不是来自AEC。当用棕榈酸和TLR2或TLR4激动剂处理细胞时,这些发现中的许多都被概括。表明棕榈酸盐-病原体协同作用的广泛适用性。巨噬细胞与DSC或CTB的共培养,在与GBS和棕榈酸酯共刺激时,导致炎症反应增加,与以前的工作相反,没有棕榈酸盐。在整个孕膜活检中,羊膜层似乎抑制了DSC和CTB层(绒毛膜蜕膜)对GBS和棕榈酸酯共刺激的免疫反应。添加单不饱和脂肪酸油酸酯,循环中最丰富的单不饱和脂肪酸,抑制棕榈酸酯的促炎作用。
■这些研究揭示了孕膜不同层对GBS感染的免疫反应之间的复杂相互作用,并且这种反应可以通过暴露于长链饱和脂肪酸而改变。这些数据提供了有关肥胖等代谢综合征如何导致怀孕期间GBS疾病风险增加的见解。