Abstract：
Phantom Limb Syndrome (PLS) can be defined as the disabling or painful sensation of the presence of a body part that is no longer present after its amputation. Anatomical changes involved in Phantom Limb Syndrome, occurring at peripheral, spinal and brain levels and include the formation of neuromas and scars, dorsal horn sensitization and plasticity, short-term and long-term modifications at molecular and topographical levels. The molecular reorganization processes of Phantom Limb Syndrome include NMDA receptors hyperactivation in the dorsal horn of the spinal column leading to inflammatory mechanisms both at a peripheral and central level. At the brain level, a central role has been recognized for sodium channels, BDNF and adenosine triphosphate receptors. In the paper we discuss current available pharmacological options with a final overview on non-pharmacological options in the pipeline.
摘要：
幻肢综合症（PLS）可以定义为截肢后不再存在的身体部位的存在的致残或痛苦的感觉。涉及幻肢综合征的解剖学改变，发生在外围，脊髓和大脑水平，包括神经瘤和疤痕的形成，背角致敏和可塑性，分子和地形水平的短期和长期修饰。幻肢综合征的分子重组过程包括脊柱背角中的NMDA受体过度激活，导致外周和中枢水平的炎症机制。在大脑层面，已经认识到钠通道的核心作用，BDNF和三磷酸腺苷受体。在本文中，我们讨论了当前可用的药理学选择，并最终概述了正在进行的非药理学选择。
