Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a potential threat globally since it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, the ability of MRSA to develop resistance and adapt to various environments makes it exceptional from other bacterial strains. Effective management is best determined by the site of infection.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to summarize and assess the epidemiology of MRSA, resistance, detection of MRSA in humans, animals, and food products, treatment employed, and combination therapy.
METHODS: For the present review, we collected data from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, BioMed Central, Medline, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect that report the epidemiology of MRSA, drug resistance in MRSA, spread of MRSA infection, diagnosis of infection, existing and emerging remedies of MRSA infections. Collected data were analyzed and represented in this article with the help of Figures and Tables.
RESULTS: S. aureus resistance to vancomycin is because of genetic adaptation and also due to the widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the treatment of MRSA infection. Specifically, infections related to vancomycin-resistant S. aureus are life-threatening and difficult to treat. MRSA epidemiology with the recognition of community-acquired-MRSA transmission between livestock and humans is also reported and is alarming. Multiple studies suggested that early detection of MRSA colonization and elimination of carriage can help reduce the risk of subsequent infection. Specifically, PCR-based screening from different body sites offers the highest overall sensitivity for the detection of MRSA carriage.
CONCLUSIONS: Screening novel mutants and methods of transmission in each environment will assist in managing MRSA. Further, effective MRSA control in all clinical setups is required with the avoidance of uncontrolled antibiotic usage.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to summarize and assess the epidemiology of MRSA, resistance, detection of MRSA in humans, animals, and food products, treatment employed, and combination therapy.
METHODS: For the present review, we collected data from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, BioMed Central, Medline, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect that report the epidemiology of MRSA, drug resistance in MRSA, spread of MRSA infection, diagnosis of infection, existing and emerging remedies of MRSA infections. Collected data were analyzed and represented in this article with the help of Figures and Tables.
RESULTS: S. aureus resistance to vancomycin is because of genetic adaptation and also due to the widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the treatment of MRSA infection. Specifically, infections related to vancomycin-resistant S. aureus are life-threatening and difficult to treat. MRSA epidemiology with the recognition of community-acquired-MRSA transmission between livestock and humans is also reported and is alarming. Multiple studies suggested that early detection of MRSA colonization and elimination of carriage can help reduce the risk of subsequent infection. Specifically, PCR-based screening from different body sites offers the highest overall sensitivity for the detection of MRSA carriage.
CONCLUSIONS: Screening novel mutants and methods of transmission in each environment will assist in managing MRSA. Further, effective MRSA control in all clinical setups is required with the avoidance of uncontrolled antibiotic usage.
摘要：
背景：耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）是全球潜在的威胁，因为它与高发病率和死亡率相关。此外,MRSA产生抗性和适应各种环境的能力使其与其他细菌菌株不同。有效的管理最好由感染部位决定。
目的：本研究旨在总结和评估MRSA的流行病学，阻力,在人类中检测MRSA，动物,和食品，采用的治疗，和联合治疗。
方法：对于本综述，我们从PubMed收集数据,Embase,WebofScience,BioMedCentral,Medline,生命科学百科全书,Scopus,科克伦图书馆,和ScienceDirect报告MRSA的流行病学，MRSA耐药，MRSA感染的传播，感染的诊断，MRSA感染的现有和新出现的补救措施。本文借助附图和表格对收集的数据进行了分析和表示。
结果：S.金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药性是由于遗传适应，也是由于在MRSA感染的治疗中广泛和不加选择地使用抗生素。具体来说,与耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌相关的感染危及生命,且难以治疗.还报道了MRSA流行病学，并认识到牲畜和人类之间的社区获得性MRSA传播，这令人担忧。多项研究表明，早期发现MRSA定植和消除携带有助于降低后续感染的风险。具体来说,基于PCR的来自不同身体部位的筛选为MRSA携带的检测提供了最高的总体灵敏度。
结论：在每种环境中筛选新的突变体和传播方法将有助于管理MRSA。Further,在所有临床设置中都需要有效控制MRSA,同时避免不受控制的抗生素使用.
目的：本研究旨在总结和评估MRSA的流行病学，阻力,在人类中检测MRSA，动物,和食品，采用的治疗，和联合治疗。
方法：对于本综述，我们从PubMed收集数据,Embase,WebofScience,BioMedCentral,Medline,生命科学百科全书,Scopus,科克伦图书馆,和ScienceDirect报告MRSA的流行病学，MRSA耐药，MRSA感染的传播，感染的诊断，MRSA感染的现有和新出现的补救措施。本文借助附图和表格对收集的数据进行了分析和表示。
结果：S.金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药性是由于遗传适应，也是由于在MRSA感染的治疗中广泛和不加选择地使用抗生素。具体来说,与耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌相关的感染危及生命,且难以治疗.还报道了MRSA流行病学，并认识到牲畜和人类之间的社区获得性MRSA传播，这令人担忧。多项研究表明，早期发现MRSA定植和消除携带有助于降低后续感染的风险。具体来说,基于PCR的来自不同身体部位的筛选为MRSA携带的检测提供了最高的总体灵敏度。
结论：在每种环境中筛选新的突变体和传播方法将有助于管理MRSA。Further,在所有临床设置中都需要有效控制MRSA,同时避免不受控制的抗生素使用.
