PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Following two requests from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for preformed vitamin A and β-carotene. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted for priority adverse health effects of excess vitamin A intake, namely teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity and endpoints related to bone health. Available data did not allow to address whether β-carotene could potentiate preformed vitamin A toxicity. Teratogenicity was selected as the critical effect on which to base the UL for preformed vitamin A. The Panel proposes to retain the UL for preformed vitamin A of 3000 μg RE/day for adults. This UL applies to men and women, including women of child-bearing age, pregnant and lactating women and post-menopausal women. This value was scaled down to other population groups using allometric scaling (body weight0.75), leading to ULs between 600 μg RE/day (infants 4-11 months) and 2600 μg RE/day (adolescents 15-17 years). Based on available intake data, European populations are unlikely to exceed the UL for preformed vitamin A if consumption of liver, offal and products thereof is limited to once per month or less. Women who are planning to become pregnant or who are pregnant are advised not to consume liver products. Lung cancer risk was selected as the critical effect of excess supplemental β-carotene. The available data were not sufficient and suitable to characterise a dose-response relationship and identify a reference point; therefore, no UL could be established. There is no indication that β-carotene intake from the background diet is associated with adverse health effects. Smokers should avoid consuming food supplements containing β-carotene. The use of supplemental β-carotene by the general population should be limited to the purpose of meeting vitamin A requirements.
摘要：
根据欧盟委员会的两项要求，EFSA营养小组，要求新型食品和食品过敏原（NDA）就预制维生素A和β-胡萝卜素的可耐受上限摄入量（UL）的修订发表科学意见。对文献进行了系统评价，以确定摄入过量维生素A对健康的优先不利影响。即致畸性，与骨骼健康相关的肝毒性和终点。现有数据无法解决β-胡萝卜素是否可以增强预先形成的维生素A毒性。选择致畸作用作为预制维生素A的UL的基础的关键影响。小组建议对成年人保留3000μgRE/天的预制维生素A的UL。本UL适用于男性和女性，包括育龄妇女，孕妇和哺乳期妇女以及绝经后妇女。使用异速测量（体重0.75）将该值缩小到其他人群，导致UL介于600μgRE/天（4-11个月的婴儿）和2600μgRE/天（15-17岁的青少年）之间。根据现有的摄入量数据，如果食用肝脏，欧洲人群不太可能超过预制维生素A的UL，内脏及其产品限于每月一次或更少。建议计划怀孕或怀孕的妇女不要食用肝脏产品。选择肺癌风险作为过量补充β-胡萝卜素的关键影响。现有数据不足以描述剂量反应关系和确定参考点；因此，没有UL可以建立。没有迹象表明从背景饮食中摄取β-胡萝卜素与不利的健康影响相关。吸烟者应避免食用含有β-胡萝卜素的食品补充剂。一般人群补充β-胡萝卜素的使用应限于满足维生素A需求的目的。
