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Abstract：
Background Drug and substance abuse remains a major medical problem worldwide. Amphetamines are potent stimulants of the central nervous system. Amphetamine abuse is highly prevalent among drug-dependents. This study was conducted in Qassim, Saudi Arabia, to evaluate amphetamine\'s toxic effects on major and trace elements and their correlation with redox status. Methods The study involved amphetamine-only patients admitted to the Erada Rehabilitation Centre from March to October 2023. Urine samples were analysed from both normal subjects and amphetamine-dependent groups. Results Urinary sodium and chloride levels were significantly higher in the amphetamine-dependent group than in the control group, while their calcium levels decreased. Lipid peroxidase levels significantly increased in people with a substance use disorder (SUD), indicating oxidative stress. Together, their total antioxidant capacity decreased. Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), sodium (Na), and total antioxidant capacity levels were positively correlated with lipid peroxidase. Conclusions Amphetamine-dependent people are more likely to experience a variety of health problems. This study found a direct correlation between an imbalance in major and trace elements and the redox status.
摘要：
背景技术药物和物质滥用仍然是世界范围内的主要医学问题。苯丙胺是中枢神经系统的强效兴奋剂。苯丙胺滥用在药物依赖者中非常普遍。这项研究是在Qassim进行的，沙特阿拉伯,评价苯丙胺对主要元素和微量元素的毒性作用及其与氧化还原状态的相关性。方法该研究涉及2023年3月至10月在Erada康复中心住院的仅苯丙胺患者。分析了正常受试者和苯丙胺依赖组的尿液样本。结果苯丙胺依赖组的尿钠和尿氯水平明显高于对照组,而他们的钙水平下降。物质使用障碍（SUD）患者的脂质过氧化物酶水平显着增加，表明氧化应激。一起,它们的总抗氧化能力下降。锌(Zn),铜(Cu),铅(Pb),镉(Cd),钠（Na），总抗氧化能力水平与脂质过氧化物酶呈正相关。结论苯丙胺依赖者更容易出现多种健康问题。这项研究发现主要和微量元素的不平衡与氧化还原状态之间存在直接关联。
