Abstract：
The prevalence of stroke and traumatic brain injury is increasing worldwide. However, current treatments do not fully cure or stop their progression, acting mostly on symptoms. Amphetamine and methylphenidate are stimulants already approved for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy treatment, with neuroprotective potential and benefits when used in appropriate doses. This review aimed to summarize pre-clinical and clinical trials testing either amphetamine or methylphenidate for the treatment of stroke and traumatic brain injury. We used PubMed as a database and included the following keywords ((methylphenidate) OR (Ritalin) OR (Concerta) OR (Biphentin) OR (amphetamine) OR (Adderall)) AND ((stroke) OR (brain injury) OR (neuroplasticity)). Overall, studies provided inconsistent results regarding cognitive and motor function. Neurite outgrowth, synaptic proteins, dendritic complexity, and synaptic plasticity increases were reported in pre-clinical studies along with function improvement. Clinical trials have demonstrated that, depending on the brain region, there is an increase in motor activity, attention, and memory due to the stimulation of the functionally depressed catecholamine system and the activation of neuronal remodeling proteins. Nevertheless, more clinical trials and pre-clinical studies are needed to understand the drugs\' full potential for their use in these brain diseases namely, to ascertain the treatment time window, ideal dosage, long-term effects, and mechanisms, while avoiding their addictive potential.
摘要：
中风和创伤性脑损伤的患病率正在全球范围内增加。然而,目前的治疗方法不能完全治愈或阻止其进展，主要作用于症状。苯丙胺和哌醋甲酯是已经被批准用于注意力缺陷多动障碍和发作性睡病治疗的兴奋剂，以适当的剂量使用时，具有神经保护潜力和益处。这篇综述旨在总结苯丙胺或哌醋甲酯治疗中风和创伤性脑损伤的临床前和临床试验。我们使用PubMed作为数据库，并包括以下关键词（（（哌醋甲酯）或（利他林）或（协奏曲）或（比芬汀）或（苯丙胺）或（Adderall））和（（中风）或（脑损伤）或（神经可塑性））。总的来说,有关认知和运动功能的研究结果不一致.神经突生长，突触蛋白，树突的复杂性，在临床前研究中报道了突触可塑性增加以及功能改善。临床试验表明,取决于大脑区域，运动活动增加，注意,和记忆是由于功能抑制的儿茶酚胺系统的刺激和神经元重塑蛋白的激活。然而，需要更多的临床试验和临床前研究来了解这些药物在这些脑部疾病中的全部潜力，即，为了确定治疗时间窗口，理想剂量,长期影响，和机制，同时避免他们上瘾的潜力。
