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Abstract：
Avocados are an important economic crop of Hawaii, contributing to approximately 3% of all avocados grown in the United States. To export Hawaii-grown avocados, growers must follow strict United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) regulations. Currently, only the Sharwil variety can be exported relying on a systems approach, which allows fruit to be exported without quarantine treatment; treatments that can negatively impact the quality of avocados. However, for the systems approach to be applied, Hawaii avocado growers must positively identify the avocados variety as Sharwil with APHIS prior to export. Currently, variety identification relies on physical characteristics, which can be erroneous and subjective, and has been disputed by growers. Once the fruit is harvested, variety identification is difficult. While molecular markers can be used through DNA extraction from the skin, the process leaves the fruit unmarketable. This study evaluated the feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy to non-destructively discriminate between different Hawaii-grown avocado varieties, such as Sharwil, Beshore, and Yamagata, Nishikawa, and Greengold, and to positively identify Sharwil from the other varieties mentioned above. The classifiers built using a bench-top system achieved 95% total classification rates for both discriminating the varieties from one another and positively identifying Sharwil while the classifier built using a handheld spectrometer achieved 96% and 96.7% total classification rates for discriminating the varieties from one another and positively identifying Sharwil, respectively. Results from chemometric methods and chemical analysis suggested that water and lipid were key contributors to the performance of classifiers. The positive results demonstrate the feasibility of NIR spectroscopy for discriminating different avocado varieties as well as authenticating Sharwil. To develop robust and stable models for the growers, distributors, and regulators in Hawaii, more varieties and additional seasons should continue to be added.
摘要：
鳄梨是夏威夷重要的经济作物，贡献了美国种植的所有鳄梨的大约3%。为了出口夏威夷种植的鳄梨，种植者必须遵守严格的美国农业部动植物卫生检验局（USDA-APHIS）规定。目前,只有Sharwil品种可以依靠系统方法出口，这使得水果无需检疫处理即可出口；可能对鳄梨质量产生负面影响的处理。然而,对于要应用的系统方法，夏威夷鳄梨种植者必须在出口前将鳄梨品种与APHIS一起确定为Sharwil。目前,品种识别依赖于物理特征，这可能是错误的和主观的，并受到种植者的质疑。一旦水果收获，品种鉴定是困难的。虽然分子标记可以通过从皮肤提取DNA来使用，这个过程使水果无法销售。这项研究评估了使用近红外光谱法无损区分不同夏威夷种植的鳄梨品种的可行性，比如Sharwil,Beshore,和山形,西川,和格林戈尔德,并从上述其他品种中积极识别Sharwil。使用台式系统构建的分类器在区分品种和积极识别Sharwil方面实现了95％的总分类率，而使用手持式光谱仪构建的分类器在区分品种方面实现了96％和96.7％的总分类率。分别。化学计量学方法和化学分析的结果表明，水和脂质是分类器性能的关键贡献者。积极的结果证明了近红外光谱用于区分不同鳄梨品种以及鉴定Sharwil的可行性。为种植者开发稳健稳定的模型，分销商,夏威夷的监管机构，应该继续增加更多的品种和额外的季节。
