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Abstract：
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect of crude aqueous, methanol, ethanol, hydro alcohol and acetone extracts of Vitex negundo leaves against Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae. Phytochemical analysis to identify the number of compounds in extracts was done by chemical tests and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrophotometer detector (GC-MS). First off all the effectiveness of dried plant materials was evaluated on larval development by mixing powdered material (no nano particles) to faecal cultures from donor sheep. Adding powder to the faecal culture resulted into 100% inhibition in larval development at 200 and 300 mg/g of faeces. The anthelmintic activity was assessed using the egg hatch assay (EHA) and the larval mortality assay (LMA). Comparison of mean inhibition percentage of egg embryonation, mean inhibition percentage of egg hatching and mean percentage of larval mortality at different concentrations with control was performed by one-way ANOVA. The means were compared for statistical significance using DMRT at P < 0.05. For both the assays, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and lethal concentration (LC50) were calculated by probit analysis. Chemical test revealed presence of high concentration of saponin and flavoinoids and moderate concentration of total phenols in leaves. The antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity, RSA %) measured was 35.47%. On GC-MS, the methanolic leaves extract revealed 30 phyto-compounds. On EHA, there was marked effect on inhibition of egg hatching by aqueous, hydro alcohol and acetone extracts. On LMA all the five extracts showed excellent larvicidal activity. V. negundo leaves methanol extract mediated silver nanoparticles were found very effective at much lower concentrations as compared to crude methanol extract. The results indicated that the V. negundo leaves crude extracts possessed excellent in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal properties against H. contortus which needs more investigation, especially in vivo trials for the control of parasite.
摘要：
这项研究的目的是评估粗水溶液的体外驱虫效果，甲醇,乙醇,Vitexnegundo叶的水醇和丙酮提取物可对抗扭曲的Haemonchus卵和幼虫。通过化学测试和与质谱分光光度计检测器（GC-MS）耦合的气相色谱进行植物化学分析以鉴定提取物中的化合物数量。首先，通过将粉末状材料（无纳米颗粒）混合到供体绵羊的粪便培养物中，评估了干燥植物材料对幼虫发育的所有有效性。在200和300mg/g粪便中，向粪便培养物中添加粉末会导致幼虫发育受到100％的抑制。使用卵孵化测定(EHA)和幼虫死亡率测定(LMA)评估驱虫活性。鸡蛋胚胎的平均抑制百分比的比较，通过单因素方差分析对不同浓度的卵孵化的平均抑制百分比和幼虫死亡率的平均百分比进行对照。使用DMRT在P<0.05比较平均值的统计学意义。对于这两种检测，通过概率分析计算50％抑制浓度（IC50）和致死浓度（LC50）。化学测试显示，叶片中存在高浓度的皂苷和黄酮类化合物以及中等浓度的总酚。抗氧化活性(自由基清除活性，RSA%)测得为35.47%。在GC-MS上，甲醇叶提取物揭示了30种植物化合物。在EHA上,水对抑制卵孵化有明显的效果，水醇和丙酮提取物。在LMA上，所有五种提取物均显示出优异的杀幼虫活性。与粗甲醇提取物相比，V.negundo叶甲醇提取物介导的银纳米颗粒在低得多的浓度下非常有效。结果表明，黑叶粗提物具有优异的体外杀卵和杀幼虫特性，需要更多的研究。特别是在体内试验控制寄生虫。
