Abstract：
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are patrilocal, with males remaining in their natal community and females dispersing when they reach sexual maturity. However, the details of female chimpanzee dispersal, such as their possible origin, are difficult to assess, even in habituated communities. This study investigates the utility of 87Sr/86Sr analysis for (1) assessing Sr baseline differences between chimpanzee territories and (2) identifying the status (immigrant or natal) of females of unknown origin within the territories of five neighboring communities in Taï National Park (Côte d\'Ivoire).
To create a local Sr isoscape for the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) study area, we sampled environmental samples from TCP-established territories (n = 35). To assess dispersal patterns, 34 tooth enamel samples (one per individual) were selected from the Taï chimpanzee skeletal collection. 87Sr/86Sr analysis was performed on all 69 samples at the W.M. Keck Lab. The theoretical density and overlap of chimpanzee communities as well as generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to test each question.
87Sr/86Sr ratios for natal male chimpanzees ranged from 0.71662 to 0.72187, which is well within the corresponding environmental baseline range of 0.70774-0.73460. The local Sr isoscapes fit was estimated with the root-mean-square error value, which was 0.0048 (22% of the whole 87Sr/86Sr data range). GLMMs identified significant differences in 87Sr/86Sr ratios between natal and unknown North community origin groups, suggesting that after 1980, females of unknown origin could be immigrants to North community (n = 7, z-ratio = -4.08, p = 0.0001, power = 0.94).
This study indicates that 87Sr/86This study indicates that 87Sr/86Sr analysis can successfully identify immigrant females in skeletal collections obtained from wild chimpanzee communities, enabling the tracking of female dispersal patterns historically. There are, however, significant limitations within the scope of this study, such as (1) the absence of reliable maps for the TCP study area, (2) limited capacity for environmental sampling, (3) small sample sizes, and (4) tooth formation in wild chimpanzees.
To create a local Sr isoscape for the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) study area, we sampled environmental samples from TCP-established territories (n = 35). To assess dispersal patterns, 34 tooth enamel samples (one per individual) were selected from the Taï chimpanzee skeletal collection. 87Sr/86Sr analysis was performed on all 69 samples at the W.M. Keck Lab. The theoretical density and overlap of chimpanzee communities as well as generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to test each question.
87Sr/86Sr ratios for natal male chimpanzees ranged from 0.71662 to 0.72187, which is well within the corresponding environmental baseline range of 0.70774-0.73460. The local Sr isoscapes fit was estimated with the root-mean-square error value, which was 0.0048 (22% of the whole 87Sr/86Sr data range). GLMMs identified significant differences in 87Sr/86Sr ratios between natal and unknown North community origin groups, suggesting that after 1980, females of unknown origin could be immigrants to North community (n = 7, z-ratio = -4.08, p = 0.0001, power = 0.94).
This study indicates that 87Sr/86This study indicates that 87Sr/86Sr analysis can successfully identify immigrant females in skeletal collections obtained from wild chimpanzee communities, enabling the tracking of female dispersal patterns historically. There are, however, significant limitations within the scope of this study, such as (1) the absence of reliable maps for the TCP study area, (2) limited capacity for environmental sampling, (3) small sample sizes, and (4) tooth formation in wild chimpanzees.
摘要：
目的：黑猩猩（泛滑鼠）是父系的，男性留在他们的出生社区，女性在达到性成熟时分散。然而,雌性黑猩猩散布的细节，比如它们可能的起源，很难评估，甚至在习惯的社区。本研究调查了87Sr/86Sr分析的实用性，用于（1）评估黑猩猩领土之间的Sr基线差异，以及（2）确定塔伊国家公园（科特迪瓦）五个邻近社区领土内未知来源的雌性的身份（移民或出生）。
方法：要为塔伊黑猩猩项目（TCP）研究区域创建当地的Sr等值景观，我们从TCP建立的地区采样了环境样本(n=35)。为了评估扩散模式，34个牙釉质样品(每个个体一个)选自塔伊黑猩猩骨骼集合。在W.M.Keck实验室对所有69个样品进行87Sr/86Sr分析。黑猩猩群落的理论密度和重叠以及广义线性混合模型（GLMMs）用于测试每个问题。
结果：出生雄性黑猩猩的87Sr/86Sr比率范围为0.71662至0.72187，完全在相应的环境基线范围0.70774-0.73460。使用均方根误差值估计了局部Sr等值拟合，即0.0048(整个87Sr/86Sr数据范围的22%)。GLMM确定了出生和未知的北方社区起源群体之间87Sr/86Sr比率的显着差异，表明1980年以后，来历不明的女性可能是北方社区的移民（n=7，z比率=-4.08，p=0.0001，功率=0.94）。
结论：这项研究表明87Sr/86这项研究表明，87Sr/86Sr分析可以成功地识别从野生黑猩猩群落获得的骨骼集合中的移民雌性，能够从历史上追踪女性的扩散模式。有,然而,本研究范围内的重大限制，例如(1)TCP研究区缺乏可靠的地图，(2)环境采样能力有限，(3)样本量小,(4)野生黑猩猩的牙齿形成。
方法：要为塔伊黑猩猩项目（TCP）研究区域创建当地的Sr等值景观，我们从TCP建立的地区采样了环境样本(n=35)。为了评估扩散模式，34个牙釉质样品(每个个体一个)选自塔伊黑猩猩骨骼集合。在W.M.Keck实验室对所有69个样品进行87Sr/86Sr分析。黑猩猩群落的理论密度和重叠以及广义线性混合模型（GLMMs）用于测试每个问题。
结果：出生雄性黑猩猩的87Sr/86Sr比率范围为0.71662至0.72187，完全在相应的环境基线范围0.70774-0.73460。使用均方根误差值估计了局部Sr等值拟合，即0.0048(整个87Sr/86Sr数据范围的22%)。GLMM确定了出生和未知的北方社区起源群体之间87Sr/86Sr比率的显着差异，表明1980年以后，来历不明的女性可能是北方社区的移民（n=7，z比率=-4.08，p=0.0001，功率=0.94）。
结论：这项研究表明87Sr/86这项研究表明，87Sr/86Sr分析可以成功地识别从野生黑猩猩群落获得的骨骼集合中的移民雌性，能够从历史上追踪女性的扩散模式。有,然而,本研究范围内的重大限制，例如(1)TCP研究区缺乏可靠的地图，(2)环境采样能力有限，(3)样本量小,(4)野生黑猩猩的牙齿形成。
