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Abstract：
This study investigates the molecular prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of two prominent blood-borne pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Plasmodium spp., in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) sampled from both wild (N = 236) and farmed (N = 197) populations across four districts (Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Lahore, and Multan) in Punjab, Pakistan, during the hunting seasons from 2021 to 2023. Additionally, the impact of these pathogens on the complete blood count (CBC) of the hosts is examined. Out of 433 quails tested, 25 (5.8%) exhibited amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) gene for T. gondii, while 15 (3.5%) showed amplification of the Cytochrome b gene for Plasmodium spp. A risk factor analysis indicated that the prevalence of both pathogens was not confined to specific sampling sites or bird sexes (P > 0.05). District-wise analysis highlighted that hens were more susceptible to both T. gondii and Plasmodium spp. infections than cocks. Wild quails exhibited a higher susceptibility to T. gondii compared to farmed birds. Significant CBC variations were recorded in infected birds as compared to uninfected ones. BLAST analysis of generated sequences has confirmed the identity of recovered PCR amplicons as T. gondii and Plasmodium relictum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Pakistani isolates clustered with those reported from various countries globally. This study provides the first documentation of T. gondii and Plasmodium sp. infections in Pakistani quails, underscoring the need for detailed investigations across different regions to enhance our understanding of infection rates and the zoonotic potential of these parasites.
摘要：
本研究调查了两种主要的血液传播病原体的分子流行和系统发育特征，弓形虫(T.刚地）和疟原虫。,在四个地区（Layyah，德拉·加齐·汗,拉合尔,和木尔坦）在旁遮普邦，巴基斯坦,在2021年至2023年的狩猎季节。此外,检查这些病原体对宿主全血细胞计数(CBC)的影响。在测试的433只鹌鹑中，25（5.8％）显示弓形虫的内部转录间隔区（ITS-1）基因扩增，而15（3.5％）显示疟原虫的细胞色素b基因扩增。危险因素分析表明，两种病原体的患病率不仅限于特定的采样地点或鸟类性别（P>0.05）。区域分析强调，母鸡更容易感染弓形虫和疟原虫。感染比公鸡。与养殖鸟类相比，野生鹌鹑对弓形虫的易感性更高。与未感染的禽类相比，感染的禽类中记录了显着的CBC变化。产生的序列的BLAST分析已经证实了回收的PCR扩增子作为弓形虫和恶性疟原虫的身份。系统发育分析显示，巴基斯坦分离株与全球各国报告的分离株聚集在一起。这项研究提供了弓形虫和疟原虫的第一份文件。巴基斯坦鹌鹑感染，强调需要在不同地区进行详细调查，以增强我们对感染率和这些寄生虫的人畜共患潜力的了解。
