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Abstract：
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate into cells of different lineages to form mesenchymal tissues, which are promising in regard to treatment for bone diseases. Their osteogenic differentiation is under the tight regulation of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an essential growth factor in bone metabolism, which regulates the differentiation of MSCs. However, published studies differ in their views on whether TGF-β signaling regulates the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs positively or negatively. The controversial results have not been summarized systematically and the related explanations are required. Therefore, we reviewed the basics of TGF-β signaling and summarized how each of three isoforms regulates osteogenic differentiation. Three isoforms of TGF-β (TGF-β1/β2/β3) play distinct roles in regulating osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Additionally, other possible sources of conflicts are summarized here. Further understanding of TGF-β signaling regulation in MSCs may lead to new applications to promote bone regeneration and improve therapies for bone diseases.
摘要：
间充质干细胞（MSCs）是一种多能细胞，可以分化为不同谱系的细胞，形成间充质组织，这在治疗骨骼疾病方面是有希望的。它们的成骨分化受到内在和外在因素的严格调节。转化生长因子β(TGF-β)是骨代谢过程中必不可少的生长因子。调节MSCs的分化。然而,已发表的研究对TGF-β信号传导是否正或负调控MSCs成骨分化的观点存在分歧。有争议的结果尚未系统总结，需要相关解释。因此,我们回顾了TGF-β信号传导的基础知识,并总结了三种同工型如何调节成骨分化.TGF-β的三种亚型（TGF-β1/β2/β3）在调节MSCs的成骨分化中起着不同的作用。此外,这里总结了其他可能的冲突来源。进一步了解MSCs中TGF-β信号传导调控可能会导致新的应用，以促进骨再生和改善骨疾病的治疗。
