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Abstract：
The advancement of nanoscience and material design in recent times has facilitated the creation of point-of-care devices for cancer diagnosis and biomolecule sensing. Exosomes (EXOs) facilitate the transfer of bioactive molecules between cancer cells and diverse cells in the local and distant microenvironments, thereby contributing to cancer progression and metastasis. Specifically, EXOs derived from cancer are likely to function as biomarkers for early cancer detection due to the genetic or signaling alterations they transport as payload within the cancer cells of origin. It has been verified that EXOs circulate steadily in bodily secretions and contain a variety of information that indicates the progression of the tumor. However, acquiring molecular information and interactions regarding EXOs has presented significant technical challenges due to their nanoscale nature and high heterogeneity. Colorimetry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence, and Raman scattering are examples of optical techniques utilized to quantify cancer exosomal biomarkers, including lipids, proteins, RNA, and DNA. Many optically active nanoparticles (NPs), predominantly carbon-based, inorganic, organic, and composite-based nanomaterials, have been employed in biosensing technology. The exceptional physical properties exhibited by nanomaterials, including carbon NPs, noble metal NPs, and magnetic NPs, have facilitated significant progress in the development of optical nanobiosensors intended for the detection of EXOs originating from tumors. Following a summary of the biogenesis, biological functions, and biomarker value of known EXOs, this article provides an update on the detection methodologies currently under investigation. In conclusion, we propose some potential enhancements to optical biosensors utilized in detecting EXO, utilizing various NP materials such as silicon NPs, graphene oxide (GO), metal NPs, and quantum dots (QDs).
摘要：
近年来，纳米科学和材料设计的进步促进了用于癌症诊断和生物分子感测的即时护理设备的创建。外泌体（EXO）促进生物活性分子在局部和远处微环境中的癌细胞和不同细胞之间的转移，从而促进癌症进展和转移。具体来说,源自癌症的EXO可能作为早期癌症检测的生物标志物起作用,这是由于它们作为有效载荷在起源的癌细胞内运输的遗传或信号改变。已经证实,EXO在身体分泌物中稳定地循环,并且包含指示肿瘤进展的各种信息。然而,由于其纳米级性质和高度异质性，获取有关EXO的分子信息和相互作用提出了重大的技术挑战。比色法,表面等离子体共振（SPR），荧光，和拉曼散射是用于量化癌症外泌体生物标志物的光学技术的例子，包括脂类,蛋白质，RNA,和DNA。许多光学活性纳米粒子（NP），主要是基于碳的，无机,有机,和复合材料基纳米材料，已用于生物传感技术。纳米材料表现出的特殊物理性质，包括碳NPs，贵金属NP，和磁性NP，促进了用于检测源自肿瘤的EXO的光学纳米生物传感器的开发的重大进展。在总结了生物发生之后，生物学功能,和已知EXO的生物标志物值，本文提供了当前正在调查的检测方法的更新。总之,我们提出了一些用于检测EXO的光学生物传感器的潜在增强，利用各种NP材料，如硅NP，氧化石墨烯(GO),金属NP,和量子点(QD)。
