PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract(CAKUT) are the leading causes of childhood chronic kidney disease (CKD). The etiology of most of the cases is thought to be multifactorial. In this study, risk factors for CAKUT and the effect of mobile phone-related electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure during pregnancy were investigated.
UNASSIGNED: Fifty-seven cases and 57 healthy controls under 2 years of age were included and their mothers were subjected to a questionnaire. Groups were compared for parents\' demographics, pregestational (chronic disease, body mass index, use of the folic acid supplements) and antenatal variables (gestational disease, weight gain during pregnancy,) and exposures during pregnancy. To assess mobile phone-related radiation exposure, all participants were asked about their daily call time, the proximity of the phone when not in use, and the models of their mobile phones. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the mobile phones and the effective SAR value (SAR × call time) as an indicator of EMF exposure were recorded.
UNASSIGNED: Excess weight gain according to BMI during pregnancy was related to an increased risk of CAKUT (p=0.012). Folic acid use before pregnancy was protective for CAKUT (p = 0.028). The call time of mothers of the CAKUT group was significantly longer than the control (p = 0.001). An association was observed between higher effective SAR values and increased risk of CAKUT (p = 0.03). However the proximity of the mobile phone to the mother\'s body when not in use was not found as a risk factor.
UNASSIGNED: The etiology of CAKUT is multifactorial. Our results suggest that prolonged phone call and higher EMF exposure during pregnancy increases the risk of CAKUT in the offspring.
UNASSIGNED: Fifty-seven cases and 57 healthy controls under 2 years of age were included and their mothers were subjected to a questionnaire. Groups were compared for parents\' demographics, pregestational (chronic disease, body mass index, use of the folic acid supplements) and antenatal variables (gestational disease, weight gain during pregnancy,) and exposures during pregnancy. To assess mobile phone-related radiation exposure, all participants were asked about their daily call time, the proximity of the phone when not in use, and the models of their mobile phones. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the mobile phones and the effective SAR value (SAR × call time) as an indicator of EMF exposure were recorded.
UNASSIGNED: Excess weight gain according to BMI during pregnancy was related to an increased risk of CAKUT (p=0.012). Folic acid use before pregnancy was protective for CAKUT (p = 0.028). The call time of mothers of the CAKUT group was significantly longer than the control (p = 0.001). An association was observed between higher effective SAR values and increased risk of CAKUT (p = 0.03). However the proximity of the mobile phone to the mother\'s body when not in use was not found as a risk factor.
UNASSIGNED: The etiology of CAKUT is multifactorial. Our results suggest that prolonged phone call and higher EMF exposure during pregnancy increases the risk of CAKUT in the offspring.
摘要：
■先天性肾脏和泌尿道异常（CAKUT）是儿童慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）的主要原因。大多数病例的病因被认为是多因素的。在这项研究中,研究了CAKUT的危险因素和孕期手机相关电磁场(EMF)暴露的影响.
■纳入57例2岁以下的健康对照者，并对其母亲进行问卷调查。比较了父母的人口统计学，孕前(慢性病，身体质量指数,使用叶酸补充剂)和产前变量(妊娠期疾病，怀孕期间体重增加，)和怀孕期间的暴露。为了评估与手机相关的辐射暴露，所有参与者都被问及他们每天的通话时间，手机不使用时的距离，以及他们手机的型号。记录了移动电话的比吸收率（SAR）和有效SAR值（SAR×通话时间）作为EMF暴露的指标。
■怀孕期间体重指数的增加与CAKUT的风险增加有关（p=0.012）。怀孕前使用叶酸对CAKUT具有保护作用（p=0.028）。CAKUT组母亲的呼叫时间明显长于对照组（p=0.001）。观察到较高的有效SAR值与CAKUT风险增加之间存在关联（p=0.03）。然而，手机在不使用时与母亲身体的距离没有被发现是一个危险因素。
■CAKUT的病因是多因素的。我们的结果表明，怀孕期间长时间的电话和更高的EMF暴露会增加后代CAKUT的风险。
■纳入57例2岁以下的健康对照者，并对其母亲进行问卷调查。比较了父母的人口统计学，孕前(慢性病，身体质量指数,使用叶酸补充剂)和产前变量(妊娠期疾病，怀孕期间体重增加，)和怀孕期间的暴露。为了评估与手机相关的辐射暴露，所有参与者都被问及他们每天的通话时间，手机不使用时的距离，以及他们手机的型号。记录了移动电话的比吸收率（SAR）和有效SAR值（SAR×通话时间）作为EMF暴露的指标。
■怀孕期间体重指数的增加与CAKUT的风险增加有关（p=0.012）。怀孕前使用叶酸对CAKUT具有保护作用（p=0.028）。CAKUT组母亲的呼叫时间明显长于对照组（p=0.001）。观察到较高的有效SAR值与CAKUT风险增加之间存在关联（p=0.03）。然而，手机在不使用时与母亲身体的距离没有被发现是一个危险因素。
■CAKUT的病因是多因素的。我们的结果表明，怀孕期间长时间的电话和更高的EMF暴露会增加后代CAKUT的风险。
