PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Finding a dead body in water raises an issue concerning determining the cause of death as drowning because of the complex pathophysiology of drowning. In addition, the corpse may be submersed postmortem.
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the role of oxidative stress markers and NF-KB/iNOS inflammatory pathway as diagnostic biomarkers in drowning and whether they could differentiate freshwater from saltwater drowning.
METHODS: This study included forty-five adult male albino rats classified into five groups: control group (C), Freshwater-drowned group (FD), Freshwater postmortem submersion group (FPS), saltwater-drowned group (SD), and saltwater postmortem submersion group (SPS). After the autopsy, the rats\' lungs in each group were prepared for histological, immunohistochemical (caspase 3, TNF-α, NF-kB, COX-2 & iNOS), biochemical studies; MDA, NOx, SOD, GSH, VCAM-1, COX-2; and RT-PCR for the relative quantification of NF-kB and iNOS genes expression.
RESULTS: Lung oxidative markers were significantly affected in drowned groups than in postmortem submersion groups. Inflammatory pathway markers were also significantly increased in the drowned groups, with concern that all markers were significantly affected more in saltwater than in freshwater drowned group.
CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the tested markers can be used accurately in diagnosing drowning and differentiating it from postmortem submersion with a better understanding of the mechanism of death in drowning as both mechanisms, inflammatory and oxidative stress, were revealed and involved.
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the role of oxidative stress markers and NF-KB/iNOS inflammatory pathway as diagnostic biomarkers in drowning and whether they could differentiate freshwater from saltwater drowning.
METHODS: This study included forty-five adult male albino rats classified into five groups: control group (C), Freshwater-drowned group (FD), Freshwater postmortem submersion group (FPS), saltwater-drowned group (SD), and saltwater postmortem submersion group (SPS). After the autopsy, the rats\' lungs in each group were prepared for histological, immunohistochemical (caspase 3, TNF-α, NF-kB, COX-2 & iNOS), biochemical studies; MDA, NOx, SOD, GSH, VCAM-1, COX-2; and RT-PCR for the relative quantification of NF-kB and iNOS genes expression.
RESULTS: Lung oxidative markers were significantly affected in drowned groups than in postmortem submersion groups. Inflammatory pathway markers were also significantly increased in the drowned groups, with concern that all markers were significantly affected more in saltwater than in freshwater drowned group.
CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the tested markers can be used accurately in diagnosing drowning and differentiating it from postmortem submersion with a better understanding of the mechanism of death in drowning as both mechanisms, inflammatory and oxidative stress, were revealed and involved.
摘要：
背景：由于溺水的复杂病理生理学，在水中发现尸体提出了一个关于确定溺水死亡原因的问题。此外,尸体可能会在死后被淹没。
目的：评估氧化应激标志物和NF-KB/iNOS炎症通路作为溺水的诊断生物标志物的作用，以及它们是否可以区分淡水和盐水溺水。
方法：这项研究包括45只成年雄性白化大鼠，分为5组：对照组（C），淡水溺水组（FD），淡水尸体淹没组（FPS），盐水溺水组（SD），和盐水验尸组(SPS)。验尸后,每组大鼠的肺都准备好进行组织学检查，免疫组织化学(caspase3，TNF-α，NF-kB,COX-2&iNOS)，生化研究;MDA,NOx,SOD,GSH,VCAM-1、COX-2和RT-PCR用于NF-kB和iNOS基因表达的相对定量。
结果：溺水组的肺氧化标记物比死后浸没组受显著影响。溺水组炎症通路标志物也显著增加，担心所有标记在盐水中比在淡水溺水组中受到的影响更大。
结论：可以得出结论，所测试的标志物可以准确地用于诊断溺水，并将其与死后淹没区分开来，同时更好地了解溺水死亡的机制，炎症和氧化应激，被揭露并参与其中。
目的：评估氧化应激标志物和NF-KB/iNOS炎症通路作为溺水的诊断生物标志物的作用，以及它们是否可以区分淡水和盐水溺水。
方法：这项研究包括45只成年雄性白化大鼠，分为5组：对照组（C），淡水溺水组（FD），淡水尸体淹没组（FPS），盐水溺水组（SD），和盐水验尸组(SPS)。验尸后,每组大鼠的肺都准备好进行组织学检查，免疫组织化学(caspase3，TNF-α，NF-kB,COX-2&iNOS)，生化研究;MDA,NOx,SOD,GSH,VCAM-1、COX-2和RT-PCR用于NF-kB和iNOS基因表达的相对定量。
结果：溺水组的肺氧化标记物比死后浸没组受显著影响。溺水组炎症通路标志物也显著增加，担心所有标记在盐水中比在淡水溺水组中受到的影响更大。
结论：可以得出结论，所测试的标志物可以准确地用于诊断溺水，并将其与死后淹没区分开来，同时更好地了解溺水死亡的机制，炎症和氧化应激，被揭露并参与其中。
