Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Infertility is a worldwide medical issue in which infection is recognized to play a major role. Pathogens trigger various mechanisms that impact fertility, either directly by affecting the physiological indices of semen or indirectly by disrupting the process of spermatogenesis. In the current work, the effect of in-vitro cultivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Candida non-albicans (C. non-albicans), and Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) (as the most frequently reported sexually transmitted infections) was assessed on the physiological functions of the spermatozoa and the chemical characteristics of the seminal fluid.
METHODS: The semen samples were exposed to cultures of E. coli, C. non-albicans, and T. vaginalis. The study analyzed the changes in motility, agglutination, viability, DNA fragmentation index (DFI%), seminal pH, and biochemical parameters at 1/2, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5 and 4 hours.
RESULTS: Incubation of the semen samples with E. coli resulted in a progressive increase in agglutination, pH, and nitrite. The seminal glucose and the sperm motility, on the other hand, were reduced. The sperm vitality and seminal protein remained unaffected. C. non-albicans induced three forms of agglutination (head-to-head, tail-to-tail, and head-to-tail), lowered pH values and decreased the sperm motility, but did not alter the seminal protein, glucose, nitrite, nor the spermatozoa viability at the different tested time intervals. T. vaginalis resulted in increased seminal protein, and reduced glucose, pH, and motility. It also induced minimal agglutination and caused unchanged nitrite and sperm viability. The DFI% was increased in all pathogens with the C. non-albicans showing the highest DNA fragmentation index.
CONCLUSIONS: Urogenital infection with E. coli, C. non-albicans, or T. vaginalis is assumed to affect the quality of semen through DNA fragmentation, agglutination and altered seminal chemical microenvironment.
METHODS: The semen samples were exposed to cultures of E. coli, C. non-albicans, and T. vaginalis. The study analyzed the changes in motility, agglutination, viability, DNA fragmentation index (DFI%), seminal pH, and biochemical parameters at 1/2, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5 and 4 hours.
RESULTS: Incubation of the semen samples with E. coli resulted in a progressive increase in agglutination, pH, and nitrite. The seminal glucose and the sperm motility, on the other hand, were reduced. The sperm vitality and seminal protein remained unaffected. C. non-albicans induced three forms of agglutination (head-to-head, tail-to-tail, and head-to-tail), lowered pH values and decreased the sperm motility, but did not alter the seminal protein, glucose, nitrite, nor the spermatozoa viability at the different tested time intervals. T. vaginalis resulted in increased seminal protein, and reduced glucose, pH, and motility. It also induced minimal agglutination and caused unchanged nitrite and sperm viability. The DFI% was increased in all pathogens with the C. non-albicans showing the highest DNA fragmentation index.
CONCLUSIONS: Urogenital infection with E. coli, C. non-albicans, or T. vaginalis is assumed to affect the quality of semen through DNA fragmentation, agglutination and altered seminal chemical microenvironment.
摘要：
背景：不孕症是一个世界性的医学问题，其中感染被认为起着主要作用。病原体引发影响生育能力的各种机制，直接通过影响精液的生理指标或间接通过破坏精子发生过程。在目前的工作中,大肠杆菌体外培养的效果(E.大肠杆菌)，非白色念珠菌（C.非白色念珠菌)，和阴道毛滴虫(T.根据精子的生理功能和精液的化学特性评估了阴道）（作为最常报道的性传播感染）。
方法：将精液样本暴露于大肠杆菌培养物中，C.非白色念珠菌,还有阴道毛虫.这项研究分析了运动能力的变化，凝集,生存能力，DNA片段化指数(DFI%),精液pH值,和生化参数在1/2、1、1.5、2、2.5、3.5和4小时。
结果：用大肠杆菌孵育精液样本导致凝集逐渐增加，pH值,和亚硝酸盐。精液葡萄糖和精子活力，另一方面,减少了。精子活力和精液蛋白保持不变。C.非白色念珠菌诱导三种形式的凝集(头对头，尾巴对尾巴,和头对尾)，降低pH值，降低精子活力，但没有改变精浆蛋白，葡萄糖，亚硝酸盐,在不同的测试时间间隔内精子的活力也没有。阴道毛虫导致精浆蛋白增加，和减少葡萄糖，pH值,和运动性。它还诱导了最小的凝集，并导致亚硝酸盐和精子活力不变。在所有病原体中DFI%增加,其中非白色念珠菌显示最高的DNA片段化指数。
结论：泌尿生殖道感染大肠杆菌，C.非白色念珠菌,或者阴道毛虫被认为通过DNA片段化影响精液的质量，凝集和改变的精液化学微环境。
方法：将精液样本暴露于大肠杆菌培养物中，C.非白色念珠菌,还有阴道毛虫.这项研究分析了运动能力的变化，凝集,生存能力，DNA片段化指数(DFI%),精液pH值,和生化参数在1/2、1、1.5、2、2.5、3.5和4小时。
结果：用大肠杆菌孵育精液样本导致凝集逐渐增加，pH值,和亚硝酸盐。精液葡萄糖和精子活力，另一方面,减少了。精子活力和精液蛋白保持不变。C.非白色念珠菌诱导三种形式的凝集(头对头，尾巴对尾巴,和头对尾)，降低pH值，降低精子活力，但没有改变精浆蛋白，葡萄糖，亚硝酸盐,在不同的测试时间间隔内精子的活力也没有。阴道毛虫导致精浆蛋白增加，和减少葡萄糖，pH值,和运动性。它还诱导了最小的凝集，并导致亚硝酸盐和精子活力不变。在所有病原体中DFI%增加,其中非白色念珠菌显示最高的DNA片段化指数。
结论：泌尿生殖道感染大肠杆菌，C.非白色念珠菌,或者阴道毛虫被认为通过DNA片段化影响精液的质量，凝集和改变的精液化学微环境。
