Abstract：
Synthetic opioids like Tramadol are used to treat mild to moderate pain. Its ability to relieve pain is about a tenth that of morphine. Furthermore, Tramadol shares similar effects on serotonin and norepinephrine to several antidepressants known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine and duloxetine. The present review paper discusses the recent developments in analytical methods for identifying drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological materials, such as blood, saliva, urine, and hair. In recent years, a wide variety of analytical instruments, including capillary electrophoresis, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, GC, GC-MS, and electrochemical sensors, have been used for drug identification in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological samples. The primary quantification techniques currently employed for its quantification in various matrices are highlighted in this research.
摘要：
曲马多等合成阿片类药物用于治疗轻度至中度疼痛。它缓解疼痛的能力约为吗啡的十分之一。此外，曲马多对5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素的作用与几种被称为5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂（SNRIs）的抗抑郁药相似，如文拉法辛和度洛西汀。本文讨论了鉴定药物制剂和毒理学材料中药物的分析方法的最新进展，比如血，唾液,尿液,和头发。近年来,各种各样的分析仪器，包括毛细管电泳,NMR,紫外可见光谱，HPTLC,HPLC,LC-MS,GC,GC-MS,和电化学传感器，已用于药物制剂和毒理学样品中的药物鉴定。本研究重点介绍了当前用于各种矩阵中定量的主要定量技术。
