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Abstract：
Soybean, a major legume crop, has seen a decline in its production owing to challenges in seed germination and the development of seedlings. Thus, in this study, we systematically investigated the influence of various chitosan-S-nitrosoglutathione (chitosan-GSNO) nanoparticle (0, 25, 50, and 100 µM) and Si (0, 0.5, and 1 mM) priming concentrations on soybean seed germination and seedling growth over five different priming durations (range: 1-5 h at each concentration). Significant differences were observed in all parameters, except seedling diameter, with both treatments. Seed germination was significantly enhanced after 3 h of priming in both treatments. The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control; however, the mean germination time (MGT) decreased by 18.43%. Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment. Chitosan-GSNO and Si treatment up-regulated the relative expression of gibberellic acid (GA)-related genes (GmGA3ox3 and GmGA2ox1) and down-regulated that of abscisic acid (ABA)-related genes (GmABA2, GmAAO3, and GmNCED5). Chitosan-GSNO and Si application increased bioactive GA4 levels and simultaneously reduced ABA content. Hence, the use of exogenous chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles and Si as priming agents had a beneficial effect on seed germination and seedling growth because of the up-regulation in the expression of GA and down-regulation in the expression of ABA. Additional research is needed to understand the combined impact of Si and chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles, including their effects on the expression levels of other hormones and genes even in the later growth stage of the crop.
摘要：
大豆,一种主要的豆类作物，由于种子发芽和幼苗发育的挑战，其产量下降。因此，在这项研究中，我们系统地研究了各种壳聚糖-S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽（壳聚糖-GSNO）纳米颗粒（0、25、50和100µM）和Si（0、0.5和1mM）引发浓度对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响五个不同的引发持续时间（范围：每个浓度1-5小时）。在所有参数中观察到显着差异，除了幼苗直径，两种治疗方法。在两种处理中，引发3小时后，种子萌发均显着增强。最终发芽率（FGP），最高发芽率（PGP），活力指数(VI)，幼苗生物量(SB)，下胚轴长度（HL），100μM壳聚糖-GSNO纳米颗粒引发的种子的自由基长度（RL）增加了20.3％，41.3%,78.9%,25.2%,15.7%,和65.9%，分别,与对照组相比；然而，平均发芽时间(MGT)减少了18.43%。0.5mM的Si引发增加了FGP，PGP,VI,SB,HL,RL下降13.9%，55.17%,39.2%,6.5%,22.5%,和25.1%，分别,但与对照治疗相比，MGT降低了12.29%。壳聚糖-GSNO和Si处理上调赤霉酸（GA）相关基因（GmGA3ox3和GmGA2ox1）的相对表达，并下调脱落酸（ABA）相关基因（GmABA2，GmAAO3和GmNCED5）。壳聚糖-GSNO和Si的应用增加了生物活性GA4水平，同时降低了ABA含量。因此，由于GA的表达上调和ABA的表达下调，因此使用外源壳聚糖-GSNO纳米颗粒和Si作为引发剂对种子萌发和幼苗生长具有有益作用。需要更多的研究来了解硅和壳聚糖-GSNO纳米颗粒的联合影响，包括它们对其他激素和基因表达水平的影响，甚至在作物的后期生长阶段。
