Abstract：
BACKGROUND: COPD can affect both men and women leading to deteriorating impact on general well-being, personal, and family life and decreased quality of life. Anxiety, depression, and self-care behaviours can affect the quality of life of individuals with COPD. There is a dearth of sex-based comparative analyses of anxiety, depression, quality of life, and predictors of quality of life among South Asian individuals with COPD.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the sex-based differences in depression, anxiety, and quality of life and the predictors of quality of life among South Asian individuals with COPD.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 294 men and 114 women with COPD was conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life-brief version, Self-Care of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inventory, the Self-Care Self-Efficacy in COPD Scale were used for data collection. Bayesian independent sample t-test was used to compare mean differences in depression, anxiety, and quality of life among men and women. Two regression models were examined to determine if age, years of living with COPD, anxiety, depression, self-care self-efficacy, self-care monitoring, management, and maintenance were predictors of quality of life among men and women.
RESULTS: Bayesian analysis showed anecdotal evidence that women had higher levels of depression, but lower levels of anxiety compared to men. Anecdotal evidence indicated that the physical quality of life of men was better than women, but strong evidence that their social relationship and environmental quality of life was better than women. Years of living with COPD, anxiety, depression, self-care self-efficacy, self-care management, self-care monitoring, and self-care maintenance were stronger predictors of women\'s quality of life. Anxiety and depression only predicted men\'s psychological quality of life, but predicted women\'s psychological, social relationships, and environmental quality of life.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings contribute to literature highlighting sex-based differences in anxiety, depression, and quality of life among South Asian men and women with COPD. Men generally reported higher levels of quality of life than women across all domains. Women\'s social relationships and environmental quality of life were greatly impacted by anxiety and depression. Quality of life interventions for women should be targeted at improving their social relationships and environmental satisfaction and addressing anxiety and depression.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the sex-based differences in depression, anxiety, and quality of life and the predictors of quality of life among South Asian individuals with COPD.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 294 men and 114 women with COPD was conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life-brief version, Self-Care of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inventory, the Self-Care Self-Efficacy in COPD Scale were used for data collection. Bayesian independent sample t-test was used to compare mean differences in depression, anxiety, and quality of life among men and women. Two regression models were examined to determine if age, years of living with COPD, anxiety, depression, self-care self-efficacy, self-care monitoring, management, and maintenance were predictors of quality of life among men and women.
RESULTS: Bayesian analysis showed anecdotal evidence that women had higher levels of depression, but lower levels of anxiety compared to men. Anecdotal evidence indicated that the physical quality of life of men was better than women, but strong evidence that their social relationship and environmental quality of life was better than women. Years of living with COPD, anxiety, depression, self-care self-efficacy, self-care management, self-care monitoring, and self-care maintenance were stronger predictors of women\'s quality of life. Anxiety and depression only predicted men\'s psychological quality of life, but predicted women\'s psychological, social relationships, and environmental quality of life.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings contribute to literature highlighting sex-based differences in anxiety, depression, and quality of life among South Asian men and women with COPD. Men generally reported higher levels of quality of life than women across all domains. Women\'s social relationships and environmental quality of life were greatly impacted by anxiety and depression. Quality of life interventions for women should be targeted at improving their social relationships and environmental satisfaction and addressing anxiety and depression.
摘要：
背景：COPD可以影响男性和女性，导致对总体幸福感的影响恶化，个人,家庭生活和生活质量下降。焦虑,抑郁症,自我护理行为会影响COPD患者的生活质量.缺乏基于性别的焦虑比较分析，抑郁症,生活质量,以及南亚COPD患者生活质量的预测因素。
目的：为了确定抑郁症的性别差异，焦虑,南亚COPD患者的生活质量和生活质量的预测因素。
方法：在开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省对294名患有COPD的男性和114名女性进行了横断面调查，巴基斯坦。医院焦虑抑郁量表,世界卫生组织生活质量简介版,慢性阻塞性肺疾病自我护理量表,使用COPD自我护理自我效能量表进行数据收集.贝叶斯独立样本t检验用于比较抑郁症的均值差异，焦虑,以及男女的生活质量。检查了两个回归模型，以确定年龄，患有COPD的多年生活，焦虑,抑郁症,自我护理自我效能感，自我护理监测，管理,和维持是男性和女性生活质量的预测因子。
结果：贝叶斯分析显示，有轶事证据表明女性的抑郁症程度较高，但与男性相比，焦虑程度较低。轶事证据表明，男性的身体生活质量优于女性，但有力的证据表明，她们的社会关系和环境生活质量优于女性。患有COPD的岁月，焦虑,抑郁症,自我护理自我效能感，自我护理管理，自我护理监测，和自我护理维护是女性生活质量的更强预测因子。焦虑和抑郁只能预测男性的心理生活质量,但预测了女性的心理，社会关系,和生活的环境质量。
结论：这些发现有助于文献强调基于性别的焦虑差异，抑郁症,南亚男性和女性COPD患者的生活质量。在所有领域，男性的生活质量普遍高于女性。焦虑和抑郁对女性的社会关系和生活环境质量有很大影响。对妇女的生活质量干预措施应旨在改善她们的社会关系和环境满意度，并解决焦虑和抑郁问题。
目的：为了确定抑郁症的性别差异，焦虑,南亚COPD患者的生活质量和生活质量的预测因素。
方法：在开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省对294名患有COPD的男性和114名女性进行了横断面调查，巴基斯坦。医院焦虑抑郁量表,世界卫生组织生活质量简介版,慢性阻塞性肺疾病自我护理量表,使用COPD自我护理自我效能量表进行数据收集.贝叶斯独立样本t检验用于比较抑郁症的均值差异，焦虑,以及男女的生活质量。检查了两个回归模型，以确定年龄，患有COPD的多年生活，焦虑,抑郁症,自我护理自我效能感，自我护理监测，管理,和维持是男性和女性生活质量的预测因子。
结果：贝叶斯分析显示，有轶事证据表明女性的抑郁症程度较高，但与男性相比，焦虑程度较低。轶事证据表明，男性的身体生活质量优于女性，但有力的证据表明，她们的社会关系和环境生活质量优于女性。患有COPD的岁月，焦虑,抑郁症,自我护理自我效能感，自我护理管理，自我护理监测，和自我护理维护是女性生活质量的更强预测因子。焦虑和抑郁只能预测男性的心理生活质量,但预测了女性的心理，社会关系,和生活的环境质量。
结论：这些发现有助于文献强调基于性别的焦虑差异，抑郁症,南亚男性和女性COPD患者的生活质量。在所有领域，男性的生活质量普遍高于女性。焦虑和抑郁对女性的社会关系和生活环境质量有很大影响。对妇女的生活质量干预措施应旨在改善她们的社会关系和环境满意度，并解决焦虑和抑郁问题。
