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Abstract：
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), is one of the most dangerous polyphagous pests in the world. Eco-friendly compounds and new chemical insecticides have gained recognition for whitefly control. In this study, the toxicity and biochemical impact of flometoquin, flonicamid, and sulfoxaflor, alone or combined with lemongrass essential oil (EO), against B. tabaci was studied. In addition, a molecular docking study was conducted to assess the binding affinity of the tested compounds to AchE. Based on the LC values, the descending order of the toxicity of the tested compounds to B. tabaci adults was as follows: sulfoxaflor > flonicamid > flometoquin > lemongrass EO. The binary mixtures of each of the tested compounds with lemongrass EO exhibited synergism in all combinations, with observed mortalities ranging from 15.09 to 22.94% higher than expected for an additive effect. Sulfoxaflor and flonicamid, alone or in combination with lemongrass EO, significantly inhibited AchE activity while only flonicamid demonstrated a significant impact on α-esterase, and none of the tested compounds affected cytochrome P450 or GST. However, the specific activity of P450 was significantly inhibited by the lemongrass/sulfoxaflor mixture while α-esterase activity was significantly inhibited by the lemongrass/flometoquin mixture. Moreover, the lemongrass EO and all the tested insecticides exhibited significant binding affinity to AchE with energy scores ranging from -4.69 to -7.06 kcal/mol. The current findings provide a foundation for utilizing combinations of essential oils and insecticides in the integrated pest management (IPM) of B. tabaci.
摘要：
粉虱,烟粉虱（Genn。),是世界上最危险的多食性害虫之一。环保化合物和新型化学杀虫剂已获得粉虱防治的认可。在这项研究中,氟莫喹的毒性和生化影响，Flonicamid,和磺胺草剂，单独或与柠檬草精油（EO）组合，对B.tabaci进行了研究。此外,进行了分子对接研究以评估测试化合物与AchE的结合亲和力。根据LC值，受试化合物对烟粉虱成虫毒性的降序如下:磺胺草胺>氟虫酰胺>氟乐酮>香茅EO。每种测试化合物与柠檬草EO的二元混合物在所有组合中均表现出协同作用，观察到的死亡率比预期的累加效应高15.09％至22.94％。Sulfoxaflor和Flonicamid，单独或与柠檬草EO组合，显着抑制AchE活性，而只有氟虫酰胺对α-酯酶有显著影响，并且没有测试化合物影响细胞色素P450或GST。然而,柠檬草/磺胺草胺混合物显着抑制了P450的比活性，而柠檬草/氟草酮混合物显着抑制了α-酯酶活性。此外，柠檬草EO和所有测试的杀虫剂对AchE表现出显着的结合亲和力，能量评分为-4.69至-7.06kcal/mol。目前的发现为在烟粉虱的病虫害综合管理（IPM）中利用精油和杀虫剂的组合提供了基础。
