PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The evolution of facial muscles in dogs has been linked to human preferential selection of dogs whose faces appear to communicate information and emotion. Dogs who convey, especially with their eyes, a sense of perceived helplessness can elicit a caregiving response from humans. However, the facial muscles used to generate such expressions may not be uniquely present in all dogs, but rather specifically cultivated among various taxa and individuals. In a preliminary, qualitative gross anatomical evaluation of 10 canid specimens of various species, we find that the presence of two facial muscles previously implicated in human-directed canine communication, the levator anguli occuli medialis (LAOM) and the retractor anguli occuli lateralis (RAOL), was not unique to domesticated dogs (Canis familiaris). Our results suggest that these aspects of facial musculature do not necessarily reflect selection via human domestication and breeding. In addition to quantitatively evaluating more and other members of the Canidae family, future directions should include analyses of the impact of superficial facial features on canine communication and interspecies communication between dogs and humans.
摘要：
狗面部肌肉的进化与人类优先选择其面部似乎传达信息和情感的狗有关。传达的狗，尤其是他们的眼睛，感知到的无助感可以引起人类的照顾反应。然而,用于产生这种表情的面部肌肉可能并不唯一存在于所有狗中，而是在各种分类群和个体中专门培养的。在初步的，对10个不同物种的犬科标本进行定性大体解剖评估，我们发现，两个面部肌肉的存在以前与人类指导的犬科动物的交流有关，仰角内侧（LAOM）和牵开器角外侧（RAOL），不是唯一的驯养狗（犬）。我们的结果表明，面部肌肉组织的这些方面不一定反映通过人类驯化和繁殖进行的选择。除了定量评估更多和其他的犬科成员，未来的方向应包括分析浅表面部特征对犬交流和狗与人之间种间交流的影响。
