Abstract：
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bb) are a complex of bacteria genospecies that can cause Lyme disease (LD) in humans after the bite of an infected Ixodes spp. vector tick. In Canada, incidence of LD is increasing in part due to the rapid geographic expansion of Ixodes scapularis across the southcentral and eastern provinces. To better understand temporal and spatial (provincial) prevalence of Bb infection of I. scapularis and how tick surveillance is utilized in Canada to assess LD risk, a literature review was conducted. Tick surveillance studies published between January 1975 to November 2023, that measured the prevalence of Bb in I. scapularis via \"passive surveillance\" from the public citizenry or \"active surveillance\" by drag or flag sampling of host-seeking ticks in Canada were included for review. Meta-analyses were conducted via random effects modeling. Forty-seven articles, yielding 26 passive and 28 active surveillance studies, met inclusion criteria. Mean durations of collection for I. scapularis were 2.1 years in active surveillance studies (1999-2020) and 5.5 years by passive surveillance studies (1990-2020). Collectively, data were extracted on 99,528 I. scapularis nymphs and adults collected between 1990-2020 across nine provinces, including Newfoundland & Labrador (33 ticks) and Alberta (208 ticks). More studies were conducted in Ontario (36) than any other province. Across nine provinces, the prevalence of Bb infection in I. scapularis collected by passive surveillance was 14.6% with the highest prevalence in Nova Scotia at 20.5% (minimum studies >1). Among host-seeking I. scapularis collected via active surveillance, Bb infection prevalence was 10.5% in nymphs, 31.9% in adults, and 23.8% across both life stages. Host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs and adults from Ontario had the highest Bb prevalence at 13.6% and 34.8%, respectively. Between 2007-2019, Bb infection prevalence in host-seeking I. scapularis was positively associated over time (p<0.001) which is concurrent with a ∼25-fold increase in the number of annually reported LD cases in Canada over the same period. The prevalence of Bb-infection in I. scapularis has rapidly increased over three decades as reported by tick surveillance studies in Canada which coincides with increasing human incidence for LD. The wide-ranging distribution and variable prevalence of Bb-infected I. scapularis ticks across provinces demonstrates the growing need for long-term standardized tick surveillance to monitor the changing trends in I. scapularis populations and best define LD risk areas in Canada.
摘要：
伯氏疏螺旋体（Bb）是细菌基因组的复合体，在被感染的Ixodesspp叮咬后可导致人类莱姆病（LD）。矢量滴答。在加拿大,LD的发病率正在增加，部分原因是由于中南部和东部省份的肩胛骨Ixodes快速地理扩张。为了更好地了解肩胛骨肌Bb感染的时间和空间（省）患病率，以及如何在加拿大利用蜱监测来评估LD风险，进行了文献综述。1975年1月至2023年11月之间发表的滴答监测研究，通过公共公民的“被动监测”或通过拖拽或标志采样的“主动监测”来测量肩胛骨中Bb的患病率加拿大被纳入审查。通过随机效应建模进行Meta分析。四十七条,产生26项被动和28项主动监测研究，符合纳入标准。在主动监测研究（1999-2020）中，收集肩胛骨I的平均持续时间为2.1年，在被动监测研究（1990-2020）中为5.5年。总的来说，提取了1990-2020年在9个省收集的99528个肩胛骨若虫和成年人的数据，包括纽芬兰和拉布拉多（33滴答）和艾伯塔省（208滴答）。在安大略省（36）进行的研究比其他任何省份都多。在九个省，被动监测收集的肩胛骨肌中Bb感染的患病率为14.6%,新斯科舍省的患病率最高,为20.5%(最少研究>1).在通过主动监测收集的寻求宿主的肩胛骨肌中，若虫Bb感染率为10.5%，31.9％的成年人，和23.8%在两个生命阶段。寻求宿主的肩胛骨若虫和安大略省成年人的Bb患病率最高，分别为13.6％和34.8％，分别。在2007年至2019年之间，寻找宿主的肩胛骨肌中的Bb感染率随着时间的推移呈正相关（p<0.001），同时加拿大同期每年报告的LD病例数量增加了约25倍。据加拿大tick虫监测研究报告，肩cap虫中Bb感染的患病率在过去的三十年中迅速增加，这与LD的人类发病率增加相吻合。Bb感染的I.肩胛骨蜱在各省的广泛分布和可变患病率表明，对长期标准化蜱监测的需求日益增长，以监测I.肩胛骨蜱种群的变化趋势，并最好地定义加拿大的LD风险区域。
