Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Neighborhoods provide essential resources (eg, education, safe housing, green space) that influence neurodevelopment and mental health. However, we need a clearer understanding of the mechanisms mediating these relationships. Limited access to neighborhood resources may hinder youths from achieving their goals and, over time, shape their behavioral and neurobiological response to negatively biased environments blocking goals and rewards.
METHODS: To test this hypothesis, 211 youths (aged ∼13.0 years, 48% boys, 62% identifying as White, 75% with a psychiatric disorder diagnosis) performed a task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Initially, rewards depended on performance (unbiased condition); but later, rewards were randomly withheld under the pretense that youths did not perform adequately (negatively biased condition), a manipulation that elicits frustration, sadness, and a broad response in neural networks. We investigated associations between the Childhood Opportunity Index (COI), which quantifies access to youth-relevant neighborhood features in 1 metric, and the multimodal response to the negatively biased condition, controlling for age, sex, medication, and psychopathology.
RESULTS: Youths from less-resourced neighborhoods responded with less anger (p < .001, marginal R2 = 0.42) and more sadness (p < .001, marginal R2 = 0.46) to the negatively biased condition than youths from well-resourced neighborhoods. On the neurobiological level, lower COI scores were associated with a more localized processing mode (p = .039, marginal R2 = 0.076), reduced connectivity between the somatic-motor-salience and the control network (p = .041, marginal R2 = 0.040), and fewer provincial hubs in the somatic-motor-salience, control, and default mode networks (all pFWE < .05).
CONCLUSIONS: The present study adds to a growing literature documenting how inequity may affect the brain and emotions in youths. Future work should test whether findings generalize to more diverse samples and should explore effects on neurodevelopmental trajectories and emerging mood disorders during adolescence.
UNASSIGNED: One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper received support from a program designed to increase minority representation in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group.
METHODS: To test this hypothesis, 211 youths (aged ∼13.0 years, 48% boys, 62% identifying as White, 75% with a psychiatric disorder diagnosis) performed a task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Initially, rewards depended on performance (unbiased condition); but later, rewards were randomly withheld under the pretense that youths did not perform adequately (negatively biased condition), a manipulation that elicits frustration, sadness, and a broad response in neural networks. We investigated associations between the Childhood Opportunity Index (COI), which quantifies access to youth-relevant neighborhood features in 1 metric, and the multimodal response to the negatively biased condition, controlling for age, sex, medication, and psychopathology.
RESULTS: Youths from less-resourced neighborhoods responded with less anger (p < .001, marginal R2 = 0.42) and more sadness (p < .001, marginal R2 = 0.46) to the negatively biased condition than youths from well-resourced neighborhoods. On the neurobiological level, lower COI scores were associated with a more localized processing mode (p = .039, marginal R2 = 0.076), reduced connectivity between the somatic-motor-salience and the control network (p = .041, marginal R2 = 0.040), and fewer provincial hubs in the somatic-motor-salience, control, and default mode networks (all pFWE < .05).
CONCLUSIONS: The present study adds to a growing literature documenting how inequity may affect the brain and emotions in youths. Future work should test whether findings generalize to more diverse samples and should explore effects on neurodevelopmental trajectories and emerging mood disorders during adolescence.
UNASSIGNED: One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper received support from a program designed to increase minority representation in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group.
摘要：
目标：邻里提供基本资源(例如，教育,安全住房,绿色空间)影响神经发育和心理健康。然而,我们需要更清楚地了解调解这些关系的机制。获得邻里资源的机会有限可能会阻碍青年实现目标，随着时间的推移,塑造他们对阻碍目标/奖励的负面偏见环境的行为和神经生物学反应。
方法：为了检验这一假设，211青年(13.0岁，48%的男孩，62%的人确定为白色，75％的精神疾病诊断）在功能磁共振成像期间执行了一项任务。最初，奖励取决于表现(无偏见的条件)，但后来,在青年表现不充分(负面偏见条件)的假装下，奖励被随机扣留，一种引发挫败感的操纵，悲伤，和神经网络中的广泛响应。我们调查了童年机会指数(COI)、用一个度量来量化对青年相关社区特征的访问，以及对负偏条件的多模态响应，控制年龄，性别,药物,和精神病理学。
结果：来自资源较少的社区的年轻人比来自资源充足的社区的年轻人对负面偏见的状况做出了更少的愤怒（p<.001，边际R2=.42）和更多的悲伤（p<.001，边际R2=.46）。在神经生物学层面,较低的COI分数与更本地化的处理模式相关(p=.039，边际R2=.076)，躯体运动显著性和控制网络之间的连通性降低(p=.041，边际R2=.040)，更少的省级躯体运动中心，control,和默认模式网络（所有pFWE<.05）。
结论：本研究增加了越来越多的文献，这些文献记载了不平等如何影响年轻人的大脑和情绪。未来的工作应该测试研究结果是否可以推广到更多不同的样本，并探索对青春期神经发育轨迹和新出现的情绪障碍的影响。
方法：为了检验这一假设，211青年(
结果：来自资源较少的社区的年轻人比来自资源充足的社区的年轻人对负面偏见的状况做出了更少的愤怒（p<.001，边际R2=.42）和更多的悲伤（p<.001，边际R2=.46）。在神经生物学层面,较低的COI分数与更本地化的处理模式相关(p=.039，边际R2=.076)，躯体运动显著性和控制网络之间的连通性降低(p=.041，边际R2=.040)，更少的省级躯体运动中心，control,和默认模式网络（所有pFWE<.05）。
结论：本研究增加了越来越多的文献，这些文献记载了不平等如何影响年轻人的大脑和情绪。未来的工作应该测试研究结果是否可以推广到更多不同的样本，并探索对青春期神经发育轨迹和新出现的情绪障碍的影响。
