Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Sinonasal lymphoma (SL) is a rare lymphatic neoplasm of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. Whereas some risk factors for SL subtypes have been identified, their aetiology is unknown. Along with other predisposing factors, the viral association of lymphomas, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphomas, is well-established. Modern molecular biology techniques have enabled the discovery of novel human viruses, exemplified by the protoparvovirus cutavirus (CuV), associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. These findings, and the anatomical location of the sinonasal tract with its rich microbiome and infectious agents, justify in-depth studies among SL.
METHODS: We analysed the presence of 20 viruses of Orthoherpesviridae, Parvoviridae, and Polyomaviridae by qPCR in 24 SL tumours. We performed RNAscope in situ hybridisation (RISH) to localize the viruses. Parvovirus-specific IgG was analysed by enzyme immunoassay and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to detect CuV in plasma.
RESULTS: We detected viral DNA in 15/24 (63%) tumours; nine of EBV, six of human herpesvirus (HHV) -7, four each of HHV-6B and parvovirus B19, two of cytomegalovirus, and one each of CuV and Merkel-cell polyomavirus. We found tumours with up to four viruses per tumour, and localized CuV and EBV DNAs by RISH. Two of the ten plasma samples exhibited CuV IgG, and one plasma sample demonstrated CuV viremia by NGS.
CONCLUSIONS: Viruses were frequent findings in SL. The EBV detection rate was high in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and co-detections with other viruses were prevalent.
METHODS: We analysed the presence of 20 viruses of Orthoherpesviridae, Parvoviridae, and Polyomaviridae by qPCR in 24 SL tumours. We performed RNAscope in situ hybridisation (RISH) to localize the viruses. Parvovirus-specific IgG was analysed by enzyme immunoassay and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to detect CuV in plasma.
RESULTS: We detected viral DNA in 15/24 (63%) tumours; nine of EBV, six of human herpesvirus (HHV) -7, four each of HHV-6B and parvovirus B19, two of cytomegalovirus, and one each of CuV and Merkel-cell polyomavirus. We found tumours with up to four viruses per tumour, and localized CuV and EBV DNAs by RISH. Two of the ten plasma samples exhibited CuV IgG, and one plasma sample demonstrated CuV viremia by NGS.
CONCLUSIONS: Viruses were frequent findings in SL. The EBV detection rate was high in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and co-detections with other viruses were prevalent.
摘要：
目的：鼻窦淋巴瘤（SL）是一种罕见的鼻腔淋巴肿瘤，鼻旁窦和鼻咽部。尽管已经确定了SL亚型的一些风险因素，他们的病因不明。连同其他诱发因素,淋巴瘤的病毒关联，例如爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒（EBV）和伯基特和霍奇金淋巴瘤，是公认的。现代分子生物学技术使得新型人类病毒得以发现,以原细小病毒（CuV）为例，与皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤有关。这些发现,鼻窦的解剖位置及其丰富的微生物和感染因子，证明SL之间的深入研究是合理的。
方法：我们分析了20种正疱疹病毒科病毒的存在，细小病毒科,和通过qPCR在24个SL肿瘤中的多病毒科。我们进行RNAscope原位杂交(RISH)以定位病毒。通过酶免疫测定分析细小病毒特异性IgG，并应用靶向下一代测序（NGS）检测血浆中的CuV。
结果：我们在15/24（63％）肿瘤中检测到病毒DNA；人类疱疹病毒（HHV）-7的六个，HHV-6B和细小病毒B19的四个，巨细胞病毒的两个，CuV和默克尔细胞多瘤病毒各一种。我们发现每个肿瘤有多达四种病毒，并通过RISH定位CuV和EBVDNA。十个血浆样本中有两个显示出CuVIgG，一个血浆样本通过NGS证明了CuV病毒血症。
结论：病毒是SL中常见的发现。弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤EBV检出率高,与其他病毒的共同检测很普遍。
方法：我们分析了20种正疱疹病毒科病毒的存在，细小病毒科,和通过qPCR在24个SL肿瘤中的多病毒科。我们进行RNAscope原位杂交(RISH)以定位病毒。通过酶免疫测定分析细小病毒特异性IgG，并应用靶向下一代测序（NGS）检测血浆中的CuV。
结果：我们在15/24（63％）肿瘤中检测到病毒DNA；人类疱疹病毒（HHV）-7的六个，HHV-6B和细小病毒B19的四个，巨细胞病毒的两个，CuV和默克尔细胞多瘤病毒各一种。我们发现每个肿瘤有多达四种病毒，并通过RISH定位CuV和EBVDNA。十个血浆样本中有两个显示出CuVIgG，一个血浆样本通过NGS证明了CuV病毒血症。
结论：病毒是SL中常见的发现。弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤EBV检出率高,与其他病毒的共同检测很普遍。
