PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Pakistan has a high prevalence of viral hepatitis and these transfusion-transmitted illnesses (TTIs) pose a major hazard to the health of patients who need blood transfusions, which has a negative impact on the affordability and accessibility of safe blood products in underfunded or less strengthened healthcare systems. While selecting a donor for blood donation, he/she must be healthy enough to donate 500 mL of whole blood, but some of them who were considered the healthiest community were caught to be reactive while getting screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which reflects the true prevalence of these illnesses in this specific population.
OBJECTIVE: To study the seroprevalence and trends of HBV, HCV, and HIV in healthy blood donors of Sindh, Pakistan.
METHODS: Blood donated by healthy donors from Sindh, collected from January 2018 to December 2022, was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) at 185 blood centers running under the umbrella of Sindh Blood Transfusion Authority Pakistan (SBTA).
RESULTS: The results of serological screening tests for HBV, HCV, and HIV performed from January 2018 to December 2022 revealed a continuously increasing trend of all infections. The total number of blood donations in the blood banks across the province showed a progressive increase from 22,822 donors in 2018 to 937,039 donors in 2022, which is 14.21% of the total increase. Among 4,199,195 donors screened from the said period, 3,821,268 (91%) were replacement donors while only 3,77,927 (9%) were voluntary donors. Among them 3,870,598 (92.2%) were males and only 3,285,97 (7.8%) were females, whereas with regard to donors\' age, most of them i.e. 2,664,648 (63%), fall in the 29-39 years age group. Overall, from 2018 to 2022, out of a total of 4,199,195 individuals screened, 81,266 (1.94%) tested positive for HCV, 71,688 (1.7%) tested positive for HBV, and 6,711 (0.15%) tested positive for HIV. The total number of positive cases across all three infections was 159,665 (3.80%). The overall average seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV, and anti-HIV among blood donors of 185 blood banks, for five years, was 2.78%, 3.82%, 3.65%, 4.15%, and 4.04%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights a concerning increase in the prevalence of HCV, HBV, and HIV among blood donors in Sindh, Pakistan, over the five-year period. It underscores the importance of continued surveillance, prevention, and intervention strategies to address these infections. The recommendations include the promotion of voluntary blood donors and screening of donated blood through a highly sensitive screening assay (nucleic acid testing). There should be centralized blood collection systems having better personnel and equipment, and non-remunerated voluntary blood donations must be strongly encouraged. All these, however, require strong political commitment and multisector engagement with comprehensive policy implementation.
OBJECTIVE: To study the seroprevalence and trends of HBV, HCV, and HIV in healthy blood donors of Sindh, Pakistan.
METHODS: Blood donated by healthy donors from Sindh, collected from January 2018 to December 2022, was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) at 185 blood centers running under the umbrella of Sindh Blood Transfusion Authority Pakistan (SBTA).
RESULTS: The results of serological screening tests for HBV, HCV, and HIV performed from January 2018 to December 2022 revealed a continuously increasing trend of all infections. The total number of blood donations in the blood banks across the province showed a progressive increase from 22,822 donors in 2018 to 937,039 donors in 2022, which is 14.21% of the total increase. Among 4,199,195 donors screened from the said period, 3,821,268 (91%) were replacement donors while only 3,77,927 (9%) were voluntary donors. Among them 3,870,598 (92.2%) were males and only 3,285,97 (7.8%) were females, whereas with regard to donors\' age, most of them i.e. 2,664,648 (63%), fall in the 29-39 years age group. Overall, from 2018 to 2022, out of a total of 4,199,195 individuals screened, 81,266 (1.94%) tested positive for HCV, 71,688 (1.7%) tested positive for HBV, and 6,711 (0.15%) tested positive for HIV. The total number of positive cases across all three infections was 159,665 (3.80%). The overall average seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV, and anti-HIV among blood donors of 185 blood banks, for five years, was 2.78%, 3.82%, 3.65%, 4.15%, and 4.04%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights a concerning increase in the prevalence of HCV, HBV, and HIV among blood donors in Sindh, Pakistan, over the five-year period. It underscores the importance of continued surveillance, prevention, and intervention strategies to address these infections. The recommendations include the promotion of voluntary blood donors and screening of donated blood through a highly sensitive screening assay (nucleic acid testing). There should be centralized blood collection systems having better personnel and equipment, and non-remunerated voluntary blood donations must be strongly encouraged. All these, however, require strong political commitment and multisector engagement with comprehensive policy implementation.
摘要：
背景：巴基斯坦的病毒性肝炎患病率很高，这些输血传播疾病（TTI）对需要输血的患者的健康构成重大危害，这对资金不足或加强较少的医疗保健系统中安全血液制品的可负担性和可及性产生负面影响。在选择献血者献血时，他/她必须足够健康，可以捐献500毫升全血，但他们中的一些人被认为是最健康的社区被发现是反应，而接受筛查乙型肝炎病毒（HBV），丙型肝炎病毒（HCV），和人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV），这反映了这些疾病在这个特定人群中的真实患病率。
目的：为了研究HBV的血清阳性率和趋势，HCV,和信德省健康献血者中的艾滋病毒，巴基斯坦。
方法：信德省健康捐献者捐献的血液，收集时间为2018年1月至2022年12月,通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)或化学发光免疫测定法(CLIA)在巴基斯坦信德省输血管理局(SBTA)旗下的185个血液中心进行了检测.
结果：HBV血清学筛查试验的结果，HCV,从2018年1月至2022年12月进行的HIV检测显示，所有感染都有持续增加的趋势。全省血库的献血总数从2018年的22,822名献血者逐步增加到2022年的937,039名献血者，占总增加量的14.21％。在上述期间筛选的4,199,195名捐助者中，3,821,268（91％）是替代捐助者，而只有3,77,927（9％）是自愿捐助者。其中男性3,870,598人(92.2%),女性仅3,285,97人(7.8%),而关于捐赠者的年龄，其中大多数是2,664,648（63%），属于29-39岁年龄组。总的来说,从2018年到2022年，在总共4199,195人进行了筛查，81,266（1.94％）的HCV检测呈阳性，71,688（1.7％）HBV检测呈阳性，和6,711（0.15％）的艾滋病毒检测呈阳性。所有三种感染的阳性病例总数为159,665（3.80％）。乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的总体平均血清阳性率，抗HCV,185个血库的献血者中的抗艾滋病毒，五年来,为2.78%，3.82%,3.65%,4.15%,和4.04%，分别。
结论：该研究强调了HCV患病率的增加，HBV,和信德省献血者中的艾滋病毒，巴基斯坦,在五年期间。它强调了持续监视的重要性，预防,以及解决这些感染的干预策略。建议包括促进无偿献血者和通过高度敏感的筛查测定法（核酸检测）筛查捐献的血液。应该有有更好的人员和设备的集中采血系统，必须大力鼓励无偿自愿献血。所有这些,然而,需要强有力的政治承诺和多部门参与全面的政策执行。
目的：为了研究HBV的血清阳性率和趋势，HCV,和信德省健康献血者中的艾滋病毒，巴基斯坦。
方法：信德省健康捐献者捐献的血液，收集时间为2018年1月至2022年12月,通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)或化学发光免疫测定法(CLIA)在巴基斯坦信德省输血管理局(SBTA)旗下的185个血液中心进行了检测.
结果：HBV血清学筛查试验的结果，HCV,从2018年1月至2022年12月进行的HIV检测显示，所有感染都有持续增加的趋势。全省血库的献血总数从2018年的22,822名献血者逐步增加到2022年的937,039名献血者，占总增加量的14.21％。在上述期间筛选的4,199,195名捐助者中，3,821,268（91％）是替代捐助者，而只有3,77,927（9％）是自愿捐助者。其中男性3,870,598人(92.2%),女性仅3,285,97人(7.8%),而关于捐赠者的年龄，其中大多数是2,664,648（63%），属于29-39岁年龄组。总的来说,从2018年到2022年，在总共4199,195人进行了筛查，81,266（1.94％）的HCV检测呈阳性，71,688（1.7％）HBV检测呈阳性，和6,711（0.15％）的艾滋病毒检测呈阳性。所有三种感染的阳性病例总数为159,665（3.80％）。乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的总体平均血清阳性率，抗HCV,185个血库的献血者中的抗艾滋病毒，五年来,为2.78%，3.82%,3.65%,4.15%,和4.04%，分别。
结论：该研究强调了HCV患病率的增加，HBV,和信德省献血者中的艾滋病毒，巴基斯坦,在五年期间。它强调了持续监视的重要性，预防,以及解决这些感染的干预策略。建议包括促进无偿献血者和通过高度敏感的筛查测定法（核酸检测）筛查捐献的血液。应该有有更好的人员和设备的集中采血系统，必须大力鼓励无偿自愿献血。所有这些,然而,需要强有力的政治承诺和多部门参与全面的政策执行。
