PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Pekin ducks are exposed to stressors such as heat stress, enteric pathogens, mycotoxins, and other environmental stressors. We know from wild bird literature that birds communicate through vocalizations. We hypothesized that Pekin ducks would have a diverse repertoire that is affected by the sex, social group, and specific stimuli. We utilized adult Pekin ducks to develop a vocal repertoire. We placed 1 to 4 ducks of varying sexes into a sound chamber with various stimuli used to encourage new vocalizations. Birds were recorded for 20 min with several variations of number and sexes of ducks. Once the ducks were recorded each vocalization that was clipped was named based on a predetermined naming system. We characterized the vocal system of the ducks under each stimulus and social treatment in 4 ways: overall call rates, call diversity, call repertoire, and call spectral properties. In all cases, normality of residuals and homogeneity of variances for GLM and ANOVA models were confirmed using Proc Univariate (SAS v9.4) where a p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. We found that Pekin ducks produce up to 16 different vocalizations. The treatments had a significant effect on the overall rate of calls given by the ducks (ANOVA: F6,31 = 8.55, p < 0.0001). Ducks produced the most calls by far when someone was sitting in the chamber with them (30.04 ± 4.45 calls/min). For call diversity, we found that there was a significant main effect of hen number (F218 = 12.21, p = 0.0004) but no main effect of drake number (F3,18 = 3.04, p = 0.0555). Cluster analyses indicated that certain types of calls were given under specific conditions. There were generally 6 major clusters of vocal repertoires (R-square = 0.899, Cubic Clustering Criterion = 9.30). Our results suggest that Pekin ducks are affected by the types of stimuli and social environment in how much they vocalize and in the properties of the calls they use. In addition, males and females differ somewhat in the repertoire of the calls they use, and in the spectral properties of their calls.
摘要：
北京鸭暴露于应激源，如热应力，肠道病原体，霉菌毒素,和其他环境压力。我们从野生鸟类文献中知道，鸟类通过发声进行交流。我们假设北京鸭会有不同的曲目，受到性别的影响，社会群体,和特定的刺激。我们利用成年北京鸭开发了声乐曲目。我们将1到4只不同性别的鸭子放入声音室中，并使用各种刺激来鼓励新的发声。记录鸟类20分钟，鸭子的数量和性别有几种变化。一旦记录了鸭子，就会根据预定的命名系统对每个被剪辑的发声进行命名。我们以4种方式描述了鸭子在每种刺激和社会待遇下的声音系统：总体呼叫率，呼叫多样性，调用曲目，并调用光谱属性。在所有情况下,使用Proc单变量(SASv9.4)确认了GLM和ANOVA模型的残差正态和方差的均一性,其中p≤0.05被认为是显著的.我们发现北京鸭产生多达16种不同的发声。处理对鸭子发出的呼叫的总速率具有显著影响(ANOVA:F6,31=8.55,p<0.0001)。到目前为止，当有人和鸭子一起坐在房间里时，鸭子发出的声音最多（30.04±4.45个电话/分钟）。为了呼叫多样性，我们发现母鸡数量有显着的主效应（F218=12.21，p=0.0004），但德雷克数量没有主效应（F3，18=3.04，p=0.0555）。聚类分析表明，在特定条件下给出了某些类型的呼叫。通常有6个主要的声带簇（R平方=0.899，立方聚类标准=9.30）。我们的结果表明，北京鸭受到刺激类型和社会环境的影响，它们发声的程度以及使用的通话特性。此外,男性和女性在他们使用的通话曲目上有所不同，以及它们呼叫的光谱特性。
