Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) corresponds to the fetus\'s inability to achieve an adequate weight gain based on genetic potential and gestational age. It is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.
CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we address the challenges of diagnosis and classification of FGR. We review how chronic fetal hypoxia impacts brain development. We describe recent advances on placental and fetal brain imaging using magnetic resonance imaging and how they offer new noninvasive means to study growth restriction in humans. We go on to review the impact of FGR on brain integrity in the neonatal period, later childhood, and adulthood and review available therapies.
CONCLUSIONS: FGR consequences are not limited to the perinatal period. We hypothesize that impaired brain reserve, as defined by structure and size, may predict some concerning epidemiological data of impaired cognitive outcomes and dementia with aging in this group of patients.
CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we address the challenges of diagnosis and classification of FGR. We review how chronic fetal hypoxia impacts brain development. We describe recent advances on placental and fetal brain imaging using magnetic resonance imaging and how they offer new noninvasive means to study growth restriction in humans. We go on to review the impact of FGR on brain integrity in the neonatal period, later childhood, and adulthood and review available therapies.
CONCLUSIONS: FGR consequences are not limited to the perinatal period. We hypothesize that impaired brain reserve, as defined by structure and size, may predict some concerning epidemiological data of impaired cognitive outcomes and dementia with aging in this group of patients.
摘要：
背景：胎儿生长受限（FGR）对应于基于遗传潜力和胎龄的胎儿无法获得足够的体重增加。它是发病率和死亡率的重要原因。
结论：在这篇综述中，我们讨论了FGR诊断和分类的挑战。我们回顾了慢性胎儿缺氧如何影响大脑发育。我们描述了使用MRI进行胎盘和胎儿脑成像的最新进展，以及它们如何提供新的非侵入性手段来研究人类的生长限制。我们继续回顾FGR对新生儿期大脑完整性的影响，后来的童年，和成年期，并回顾可用的治疗方法。
结论：胎儿生长受限的后果不仅限于围产期。我们假设大脑储备受损，根据结构和大小定义，可以预测这一组患者的认知功能受损和老年痴呆症的流行病学数据。
结论：在这篇综述中，我们讨论了FGR诊断和分类的挑战。我们回顾了慢性胎儿缺氧如何影响大脑发育。我们描述了使用MRI进行胎盘和胎儿脑成像的最新进展，以及它们如何提供新的非侵入性手段来研究人类的生长限制。我们继续回顾FGR对新生儿期大脑完整性的影响，后来的童年，和成年期，并回顾可用的治疗方法。
结论：胎儿生长受限的后果不仅限于围产期。我们假设大脑储备受损，根据结构和大小定义，可以预测这一组患者的认知功能受损和老年痴呆症的流行病学数据。
