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Abstract：
While significant progress has been made in improving the wellbeing of women and girls around the world, a gender gap still exists between men and women which is very evident in Ghana. Gender inequalities continue to persist in Ghana because of cultural gender norms that exalt and favor men and put women in subordinate and subservient roles. These cultural gender norms hinder women\'s development and widen gender inequality between men and women in different system levels of society. Therefore, there is a need to examine the influence of these cultural gender norms on women\'s lives using a systems framework to capture a full picture of women\'s experiences at these systemic levels of society. In this paper, we use Bronfenbrenner\'s ecological systems multilevel approach to examine the impact of these cultural gender norms on women\'s lives at the different system levels. We conducted a desk review of studies published in sub-Saharan Africa focused on cultural gender norms and gender inequality. The findings showed that the impact of cultural gender norms on gender inequality at the levels of the four social systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem) are interconnected, creating and widening the inequality gap between men and women. Cultural gender norms influence gender role socialization in the home, which then transmits to the school and religious institutions as the mesosystem. At the school level, cultural gender norms act as a mesosystem manifest through discriminatory classroom practices, gender role assignment of school responsibilities, and gender role representations in textbooks. In Christianity and Islam, cultural gender norms create doctrines that enforce men\'s domination over women, and, in the workplace, cultural gender norms have gendered labor by defining a man\'s occupation and limiting women to domestic and low-paying occupations. The mass media is the exosystem that displays images of women to fit cultural gender norms of what is defined as acceptable for women. Finally, the macrosystem is the overall sociocultural norms that have been accepted by society that perpetuate discriminatory practices against women.
摘要：
尽管在改善世界各地妇女和女童的福祉方面取得了重大进展，男女之间仍然存在性别差距，这在加纳非常明显。性别不平等在加纳继续存在，因为文化性别规范凌驾于男性之上，使女性处于从属和从属角色。这些文化性别规范阻碍了女性的发展,扩大了社会不同制度层面的男女性别不平等。因此,有必要研究这些文化性别规范对妇女生活的影响，使用一个系统框架来捕捉妇女在这些系统社会层面的经历的全貌。在本文中,我们使用Bronfenbrenner的生态系统多层次方法来研究这些文化性别规范在不同系统层面对女性生活的影响。我们对撒哈拉以南非洲发表的研究进行了案头审查，重点是文化性别规范和性别不平等。研究结果表明,文化性别规范对四个社会制度(微观制度,mesosystem,exosystem,和宏观系统)是相互联系的，创造和扩大男女之间的不平等差距。文化性别规范影响家庭性别角色社会化，然后传输到学校和宗教机构作为中间系统。在学校层面,文化性别规范作为一个通过歧视性课堂实践表现出来的介体系统，学校责任的性别角色分配，和教科书中的性别角色表征。在基督教和伊斯兰教中，文化性别规范创造了强制男性统治女性的理论，and,在工作场所,文化性别规范通过定义男性的职业并将女性限制在家庭和低薪职业中来对劳动进行性别化。大众媒体是显示女性图像的外系统，以符合被定义为女性可接受的文化性别规范。最后,宏观系统是社会接受的总体社会文化规范，这些规范使对妇女的歧视性做法长期存在。
