Abstract：
The increasing need for pharmaceutical agents that possess attributes such as safety, cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and absence of side effects has driven the advancement of nanomedicine research, which lies at the convergence of nanotechnology and medicine.
OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to synthesize non-toxic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using Gymnema sylvestre (G. sylvestre) and Cinnamon cassia (C. cassia) extracts. It also sought to develop and evaluate versatile nanomedicine formulations i.e. selenium nanoparticles of G. sylvestre and C. cassia (SeNPs), drug (lupeol) loaded SeNPs (DLSeNPs), drug-loaded and coated (PEG) SeNPs (DLCSeNPs) without side effects.
METHODS: The SeNPs formulations were hydrothermally synthesized, loaded with lupeol to improve efficacy, coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for targeted delivery, and characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential analysis, size distribution analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hemolytic cytotoxicity, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydzayl (DPPH), total Reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) antioxidant assays, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and histological studies were used to estimate the acute anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized SeNPs.
RESULTS: The final form of PEGylated and drug (lupeol)-loaded selenium nanoparticles (DLCSeNPs) exhibited an average particle size ranging from 100 to 500 nm as evidenced by SEM, and Zeta potential results. These nanoparticles demonstrated no cytotoxic effects and displayed remarkable antioxidant (IC50 values 19.29) and anti-inflammatory capabilities. These results were fed into Graph-pad Prism 5 software and analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey\'s post hoc test (p < 0.001). All nano-formulations exhibited significant overall antioxidant activity, with IC50 values ≤ 386 (p < 0.05) as analyzed by ANOVA. The study\'s results suggest that G. sylvestre outperformed C. cassia in terms of reducing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical, potassium ferricyanide, and ammonium molybdate in respective antioxidant assays. As far as anti-inflammatory activities are concerned drug (lupeol)-loaded and PEG-coated G. sylvestre SeNPs exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory potential from all other nano-formulations including drug (lupeol)-loaded and PEG-coated C. cassia SeNPs, as exhibited to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory signals i.e. cytokines and NF-kB, making them innovative anti-inflammatory nanomedicine.
CONCLUSIONS: The study synthesized lupeol-loaded and PEG-coated SeNPs, showcasing the potential for biocompatible, cost-effective anti-inflammatory nanomedicines. G. Sylvester\'s superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory performance than Cinnamon cassia emphasizes medicinal plant versatility.
OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to synthesize non-toxic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using Gymnema sylvestre (G. sylvestre) and Cinnamon cassia (C. cassia) extracts. It also sought to develop and evaluate versatile nanomedicine formulations i.e. selenium nanoparticles of G. sylvestre and C. cassia (SeNPs), drug (lupeol) loaded SeNPs (DLSeNPs), drug-loaded and coated (PEG) SeNPs (DLCSeNPs) without side effects.
METHODS: The SeNPs formulations were hydrothermally synthesized, loaded with lupeol to improve efficacy, coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for targeted delivery, and characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential analysis, size distribution analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hemolytic cytotoxicity, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydzayl (DPPH), total Reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) antioxidant assays, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and histological studies were used to estimate the acute anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized SeNPs.
RESULTS: The final form of PEGylated and drug (lupeol)-loaded selenium nanoparticles (DLCSeNPs) exhibited an average particle size ranging from 100 to 500 nm as evidenced by SEM, and Zeta potential results. These nanoparticles demonstrated no cytotoxic effects and displayed remarkable antioxidant (IC50 values 19.29) and anti-inflammatory capabilities. These results were fed into Graph-pad Prism 5 software and analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey\'s post hoc test (p < 0.001). All nano-formulations exhibited significant overall antioxidant activity, with IC50 values ≤ 386 (p < 0.05) as analyzed by ANOVA. The study\'s results suggest that G. sylvestre outperformed C. cassia in terms of reducing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical, potassium ferricyanide, and ammonium molybdate in respective antioxidant assays. As far as anti-inflammatory activities are concerned drug (lupeol)-loaded and PEG-coated G. sylvestre SeNPs exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory potential from all other nano-formulations including drug (lupeol)-loaded and PEG-coated C. cassia SeNPs, as exhibited to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory signals i.e. cytokines and NF-kB, making them innovative anti-inflammatory nanomedicine.
CONCLUSIONS: The study synthesized lupeol-loaded and PEG-coated SeNPs, showcasing the potential for biocompatible, cost-effective anti-inflammatory nanomedicines. G. Sylvester\'s superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory performance than Cinnamon cassia emphasizes medicinal plant versatility.
摘要：
对具有安全性等属性的药物的需求不断增加，成本效益，环境可持续性,没有副作用推动了纳米医学研究的发展，这在于纳米技术和医学的融合。
目的：该研究旨在使用Gymnemasylvestre合成无毒的硒纳米颗粒（SeNPs）（G。sylvestre)和肉桂决明子(C.决明子)提取物。它还寻求开发和评估多功能纳米药物制剂，即G.sylveste和C.cassim的硒纳米颗粒（SeNPs），药物（羽扇豆醇）装载的SeNPs（DLSeNPs），载药和包衣（PEG）SeNPs（DLCSeNPs）无副作用。
方法：SeNPs配方是水热合成的，加载羽扇豆醇以提高疗效，涂有聚乙二醇（PEG）用于靶向递送，并使用紫外-可见分光光度法进行表征，傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR),扫描电子显微镜（SEM），zeta电位分析，大小分布分析，和X射线衍射(XRD)。溶血细胞毒性，2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶吡啶(DPPH)，总功率降低,和总抗氧化能力(TAC)抗氧化测定，角叉菜胶诱导的爪水肿，和组织学研究用于评估合成的SeNPs的急性抗炎活性。
结果：最终形式的聚乙二醇化和药物（羽豆醇）负载的硒纳米颗粒（DLCSeNPs）表现出100至500nm的平均粒径，如SEM所示，和Zeta潜在结果。这些纳米颗粒没有表现出细胞毒性作用,并且表现出显著的抗氧化(IC50值19.29)和抗炎能力。将这些结果输入Graph-padPrism5软件，并通过单向方差分析进行分析，其次是Tukey的事后检验(p<0.001)。所有纳米配方均表现出显着的整体抗氧化活性，通过方差分析，IC50值≤386(p<0.05)。研究结果表明，在减少2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶-肼-水合物（DPPH）自由基方面，左旋甘草优于肉桂。铁氰化钾，和钼酸铵在各自的抗氧化剂测定中。就抗炎活性而言，药物（羽扇豆醇）负载和PEG包被的G.sylvesteSeNPs表现出所有其他纳米制剂中最高的抗炎潜力，包括药物（羽扇豆醇）负载和PEG包被的C.cassiaSeNPs，如表现出减少促炎信号的释放，即细胞因子和NF-kB，使它们成为创新的抗炎纳米药物。
结论：该研究合成了负载羽豆醇和PEG包被的SeNPs，展示生物相容性的潜力，具有成本效益的抗炎纳米药物。G.Sylvester的抗氧化和抗炎性能优于肉桂肉桂强调药用植物的多功能性。
目的：该研究旨在使用Gymnemasylvestre合成无毒的硒纳米颗粒（SeNPs）（G。sylvestre)和肉桂决明子(C.决明子)提取物。它还寻求开发和评估多功能纳米药物制剂，即G.sylveste和C.cassim的硒纳米颗粒（SeNPs），药物（羽扇豆醇）装载的SeNPs（DLSeNPs），载药和包衣（PEG）SeNPs（DLCSeNPs）无副作用。
方法：SeNPs配方是水热合成的，加载羽扇豆醇以提高疗效，涂有聚乙二醇（PEG）用于靶向递送，并使用紫外-可见分光光度法进行表征，傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR),扫描电子显微镜（SEM），zeta电位分析，大小分布分析，和X射线衍射(XRD)。溶血细胞毒性，2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶吡啶(DPPH)，总功率降低,和总抗氧化能力(TAC)抗氧化测定，角叉菜胶诱导的爪水肿，和组织学研究用于评估合成的SeNPs的急性抗炎活性。
结果：最终形式的聚乙二醇化和药物（羽豆醇）负载的硒纳米颗粒（DLCSeNPs）表现出100至500nm的平均粒径，如SEM所示，和Zeta潜在结果。这些纳米颗粒没有表现出细胞毒性作用,并且表现出显著的抗氧化(IC50值19.29)和抗炎能力。将这些结果输入Graph-padPrism5软件，并通过单向方差分析进行分析，其次是Tukey的事后检验(p<0.001)。所有纳米配方均表现出显着的整体抗氧化活性，通过方差分析，IC50值≤386(p<0.05)。研究结果表明，在减少2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶-肼-水合物（DPPH）自由基方面，左旋甘草优于肉桂。铁氰化钾，和钼酸铵在各自的抗氧化剂测定中。就抗炎活性而言，药物（羽扇豆醇）负载和PEG包被的G.sylvesteSeNPs表现出所有其他纳米制剂中最高的抗炎潜力，包括药物（羽扇豆醇）负载和PEG包被的C.cassiaSeNPs，如表现出减少促炎信号的释放，即细胞因子和NF-kB，使它们成为创新的抗炎纳米药物。
结论：该研究合成了负载羽豆醇和PEG包被的SeNPs，展示生物相容性的潜力，具有成本效益的抗炎纳米药物。G.Sylvester的抗氧化和抗炎性能优于肉桂肉桂强调药用植物的多功能性。
