Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Titanium is considered to be an inert material owing to the ability of the material to form a passive titanium oxide layer. However, once the titanium oxide layer is lost, it can lead to exposure of the underlying titanium substructure and can undergo corrosion.
CONCLUSIONS: The article explores the role of titanium ions and particles from dental implants on cells, cytokine release, and on the systemic redistribution of these particles as well as theories proposed to elucidate the effects of these particles on peri-implant inflammation based on evidence from in-vitro, human, and animal studies. Titanium particles and ions have a pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effect on cells and promote the release of pro-inflammatory mediators like cytokines. Three theories to explain etiopathogenesis have been proposed, one based on microbial dysbiosis, the second based on titanium particles and ions and the third based on a synergistic effect between microbiome and titanium particles on the host.
CONCLUSIONS: There is clear evidence from in-vitro and limited human and animal studies that titanium particles released from dental implants have a detrimental effect on cells directly and through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Future clinical and translational studies are required to clarify the role of titanium particles and ions in peri-implant inflammation and the etiopathogenesis of peri-implantitis.
CONCLUSIONS: The article explores the role of titanium ions and particles from dental implants on cells, cytokine release, and on the systemic redistribution of these particles as well as theories proposed to elucidate the effects of these particles on peri-implant inflammation based on evidence from in-vitro, human, and animal studies. Titanium particles and ions have a pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effect on cells and promote the release of pro-inflammatory mediators like cytokines. Three theories to explain etiopathogenesis have been proposed, one based on microbial dysbiosis, the second based on titanium particles and ions and the third based on a synergistic effect between microbiome and titanium particles on the host.
CONCLUSIONS: There is clear evidence from in-vitro and limited human and animal studies that titanium particles released from dental implants have a detrimental effect on cells directly and through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Future clinical and translational studies are required to clarify the role of titanium particles and ions in peri-implant inflammation and the etiopathogenesis of peri-implantitis.
摘要：
背景:由于材料形成钝化氧化钛层的能力,钛被认为是惰性材料。然而,一旦氧化钛层丢失，它可以导致下面的钛亚结构的暴露，并可以进行腐蚀。
结论：这篇文章探讨了钛离子和来自牙种植体的颗粒对细胞的作用，细胞因子释放，以及基于体外证据的这些颗粒的全身再分布以及为阐明这些颗粒对种植体周围炎症的影响而提出的理论，人类,和动物研究。钛颗粒和离子对细胞具有促炎和细胞毒性作用,并促进促炎介质如细胞因子的释放。已经提出了三种解释病因的理论，一个基于微生物菌群失调，第二种基于钛颗粒和离子，第三种基于微生物组和钛颗粒对宿主的协同作用。
结论：来自体外和有限的人类和动物研究的明确证据表明，从牙科植入物释放的钛颗粒直接或通过释放促炎细胞因子对细胞产生有害影响。需要进一步的临床和转化研究来阐明钛颗粒和离子在种植体周围炎症中的作用以及种植体周围炎的病因。
结论：这篇文章探讨了钛离子和来自牙种植体的颗粒对细胞的作用，细胞因子释放，以及基于体外证据的这些颗粒的全身再分布以及为阐明这些颗粒对种植体周围炎症的影响而提出的理论，人类,和动物研究。钛颗粒和离子对细胞具有促炎和细胞毒性作用,并促进促炎介质如细胞因子的释放。已经提出了三种解释病因的理论，一个基于微生物菌群失调，第二种基于钛颗粒和离子，第三种基于微生物组和钛颗粒对宿主的协同作用。
结论：来自体外和有限的人类和动物研究的明确证据表明，从牙科植入物释放的钛颗粒直接或通过释放促炎细胞因子对细胞产生有害影响。需要进一步的临床和转化研究来阐明钛颗粒和离子在种植体周围炎症中的作用以及种植体周围炎的病因。
