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Abstract：
Despite the emergence of novel diagnostic, pharmacological, interventional, and prevention strategies, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Nanoparticle (NP)-based platforms encompass diverse imaging, delivery, and pharmacological properties that provide novel opportunities for refining diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis at the cellular and molecular levels. Macrophages play a critical role in atherosclerosis and therefore represent an important disease-related diagnostic and therapeutic target, especially given their inherent ability for passive and active NP uptake. In this review, we discuss an array of inorganic, carbon-based, and lipid-based NPs that provide magnetic, radiographic, and fluorescent imaging capabilities for a range of highly promising research and clinical applications in atherosclerosis. We discuss the design of NPs that target a range of macrophage-related functions such as lipoprotein oxidation, cholesterol efflux, vascular inflammation, and defective efferocytosis. We also provide examples of NP systems that were developed for other pathologies such as cancer and highlight their potential for repurposing in cardiovascular disease. Finally, we discuss the current state of play and the future of theranostic NPs. Whilst this is not without its challenges, the array of multifunctional capabilities that are possible in NP design ensures they will be part of the next frontier of exciting new therapies that simultaneously improve the accuracy of plaque diagnosis and more effectively reduce atherosclerosis with limited side effects.
摘要：
尽管出现了新的诊断，药理学,干预和预防策略，动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病仍然是发病率和死亡率的重要原因。基于纳米粒子的平台包括不同的成像，递送和药理学特性，为在细胞和分子水平上完善动脉粥样硬化的诊断和治疗干预措施提供了新的机会。巨噬细胞在动脉粥样硬化中起关键作用，因此是一个重要的疾病相关诊断和治疗靶点。特别是考虑到它们固有的被动和主动纳米粒子摄取能力。在这次审查中,我们讨论一系列无机物，碳基和脂基纳米颗粒提供磁性，射线照相和荧光成像能力，用于动脉粥样硬化的一系列非常有前途的研究和临床应用。我们讨论了针对一系列巨噬细胞相关功能的纳米颗粒的设计，例如脂蛋白氧化，胆固醇流出，血管炎症和有缺陷的红细胞增多症。我们还提供了为其他病理如癌症开发的纳米颗粒系统的例子，并强调了它们在心血管疾病中的再利用潜力。最后,我们讨论了目前的状态和纳米粒子的未来。虽然这并非没有挑战，纳米颗粒设计中可能具有的多功能功能阵列确保了它们将成为下一个令人兴奋的新疗法前沿的一部分,这些新疗法可以同时提高斑块诊断的准确性,并在副作用有限的情况下更有效地减少动脉粥样硬化.
