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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Oligella is an uncommon Gram-negative coccobacillus that was first thought to belong to the urogenital tract. The genus Oligella comprises two species that were recovered from various samples worldwide.
METHODS: We perform a systematic review focusing on Oligella microbiological characteristics, habitat, role in Human microbiome and infection, and antimicrobial susceptibility.
RESULTS: In humans, Oligella is mainly found as part of the microbiome of individuals with predisposing conditions. Oligella were also associated with invasive infections in patients with underlying diseases. Nevertheless, their prevalence remains to determine. Oligella culture requires up to 48 h on agar media in vitro, while urinary samples are usually incubated for 24 h. Consequently, microbiologists should be prompt to prolong the incubation of agar media when the direct examination showed Gram-negative coccobacilli. Oligella is accurately identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, but biochemical methods often provided inconsistent results. Specific guidelines for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Oligella lack but the incubation could require up to 48 h of incubation. In contrast to O. urethralis, which is susceptible to third-generation cephalosporin, O. ureolytica is likely resistant to numerous antimicrobials. Genectic determinants of resistance were identified for beta-lactams and aminoglycosides.
CONCLUSIONS: Oligella is an uncommon pathogen that can be underrecognized. Microbiologists should be prompt to prolong the incubation of agar media plated with urines when the direct examination showed Gram-negative coccobacilli. Carbapenems should probably be given for the empirical treatment.
METHODS: We perform a systematic review focusing on Oligella microbiological characteristics, habitat, role in Human microbiome and infection, and antimicrobial susceptibility.
RESULTS: In humans, Oligella is mainly found as part of the microbiome of individuals with predisposing conditions. Oligella were also associated with invasive infections in patients with underlying diseases. Nevertheless, their prevalence remains to determine. Oligella culture requires up to 48 h on agar media in vitro, while urinary samples are usually incubated for 24 h. Consequently, microbiologists should be prompt to prolong the incubation of agar media when the direct examination showed Gram-negative coccobacilli. Oligella is accurately identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, but biochemical methods often provided inconsistent results. Specific guidelines for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Oligella lack but the incubation could require up to 48 h of incubation. In contrast to O. urethralis, which is susceptible to third-generation cephalosporin, O. ureolytica is likely resistant to numerous antimicrobials. Genectic determinants of resistance were identified for beta-lactams and aminoglycosides.
CONCLUSIONS: Oligella is an uncommon pathogen that can be underrecognized. Microbiologists should be prompt to prolong the incubation of agar media plated with urines when the direct examination showed Gram-negative coccobacilli. Carbapenems should probably be given for the empirical treatment.
摘要：
背景：Oligella是一种罕见的革兰氏阴性球杆菌，最初被认为属于泌尿生殖道。Oligella属包括从全世界各种样品中回收的两个物种。
方法：我们对Oligella微生物学特性进行了系统评价，栖息地,在人类微生物组和感染中的作用，和抗菌敏感性。
结果：在人类中，Oligella主要是作为具有易感条件的个体的微生物组的一部分发现的。Oligella也与潜在疾病患者的侵袭性感染有关。然而，其患病率尚待确定。Oligella培养在体外琼脂培养基上需要长达48小时，而尿液样本通常孵育24小时。因此，当直接检查显示革兰氏阴性球杆菌时，微生物学家应迅速延长琼脂培养基的孵育时间。使用MALDI-TOF质谱准确鉴定Oligella，但是生化方法通常提供不一致的结果。缺乏针对Oligella的抗菌药物敏感性测试的特定指南，但孵育可能需要长达48小时的孵育。与尿道肌相反，对第三代头孢菌素敏感，O.解脲菌可能对许多抗菌药物有抗性。鉴定了β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类的抗性遗传决定因素。
结论：Oligella是一种不常见的病原体，可以被低估。当直接检查显示革兰氏阴性球杆菌时，微生物学家应迅速延长涂有尿液的琼脂培养基的孵育时间。碳青霉烯类可能应该用于经验治疗。
方法：我们对Oligella微生物学特性进行了系统评价，栖息地,在人类微生物组和感染中的作用，和抗菌敏感性。
结果：在人类中，Oligella主要是作为具有易感条件的个体的微生物组的一部分发现的。Oligella也与潜在疾病患者的侵袭性感染有关。然而，其患病率尚待确定。Oligella培养在体外琼脂培养基上需要长达48小时，而尿液样本通常孵育24小时。因此，当直接检查显示革兰氏阴性球杆菌时，微生物学家应迅速延长琼脂培养基的孵育时间。使用MALDI-TOF质谱准确鉴定Oligella，但是生化方法通常提供不一致的结果。缺乏针对Oligella的抗菌药物敏感性测试的特定指南，但孵育可能需要长达48小时的孵育。与尿道肌相反，对第三代头孢菌素敏感，O.解脲菌可能对许多抗菌药物有抗性。鉴定了β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类的抗性遗传决定因素。
结论：Oligella是一种不常见的病原体，可以被低估。当直接检查显示革兰氏阴性球杆菌时，微生物学家应迅速延长涂有尿液的琼脂培养基的孵育时间。碳青霉烯类可能应该用于经验治疗。
