PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The safety of drinking water is a significant environmental issue of great concern for human health since numerous contaminants are often detected in drinking water and its sources. Boiling is a common household method used to produce relatively high-quality drinking water in some countries and regions. In this study, with the aid of an integrated approach of in vitro bioassays and non-target analysis based on high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography, alterations in endocrine-disrupting activities in tap water samples without and with boiling were revealed, as well as the potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contributing to these alterations were identified. The organic extracts of tap water had no significant (ant)agonistic activities against an estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) at enrichment concentrations of ≤10 times, posing no immediate or acute health risk to humans. However, the presence of agonistic activities against PR and MR and antagonistic activities against ER, PR, GR, and MR in OEs of tap water at relatively higher enrichment concentrations still raise potential health concerns. Boiling effectively reduced antagonistic activities against these steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) but increased estrogenic and glucocorticoid activities in drinking water. Four novel potential EDCs, including one UV filter (phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid, PBSA) and three natural metabolites of organisms (beta-hydroxymyristic acid, 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, and isorosmanol) were identified in drinking water samples, each of which showed (ant)agonistic activities against different SHRs. Given the widespread use of UV filters in sunscreens to prevent skin cancer, the health risks posed by PBSA as an identified novel EDC are of concern. Although boiling has been thought to reduce the health risk of drinking water contamination, our findings suggest that boiling may have a more complex effect on the endocrine-disrupting activities of drinking water and, therefore, a more comprehensive assessment is needed.
摘要：
由于在饮用水及其来源中经常检测到许多污染物，因此饮用水的安全性是人类健康非常关注的重要环境问题。在一些国家和地区，煮沸是一种常见的家用方法，用于生产相对高质量的饮用水。在这项研究中,借助基于高分辨率质谱和液相色谱的体外生物测定和非目标分析的集成方法，揭示了未经沸腾和沸腾的自来水样品中内分泌干扰活性的变化，以及导致这些改变的潜在内分泌干扰化学物质(EDCs)也得到了鉴定.自来水的有机提取物对雌激素受体（ER）没有明显的（抗）激动活性，孕激素受体（PR），糖皮质激素受体（GR），和盐皮质激素受体（MR）在≤10倍的富集浓度，对人类没有直接或严重的健康风险。然而,对PR和MR的激动活性和对ER的拮抗活性的存在，PR,GR,在相对较高的富集浓度下，自来水OEs中的MR仍然会引起潜在的健康问题。沸腾有效地降低了对这些类固醇激素受体（SHR）的拮抗活性，但增加了饮用水中的雌激素和糖皮质激素活性。四种新颖的潜在EDC，包括一个紫外线过滤器（苯基苯并咪唑磺酸，PBSA）和生物体的三种天然代谢产物（β-羟基肉豆蔻酸，12-羟基十八酸，和异色曼醇）在饮用水样品中鉴定，每个都对不同的SHR表现出（蚂蚁）激动活性。鉴于在防晒霜中广泛使用紫外线过滤剂来预防皮肤癌，PBSA作为已确定的新型EDC带来的健康风险令人担忧。尽管人们认为煮沸可以降低饮用水污染的健康风险，我们的发现表明，煮沸可能对饮用水的内分泌干扰活动有更复杂的影响，因此,需要进行更全面的评估。
