Abstract：
Whether nanoparticles (NPs) are boon or bane for society has been a centre of in-depth debate and key consideration in recent times. Exclusive physicochemical properties like small size, large surface area-to-volume ratio, robust catalytic activity, immense surface energy, magnetism and superior biocompatibility make NPs obligatory in many scientific, biomedical and industrial ventures. Nano-enabled products are newer entrants in the present era. To attenuate environmental stress and maximize crop yields, scientists are tempted to introduce NPs as augmented supplements in agriculture. The feasible approaches for NPs delivery are irrigation, foliar spraying or seed priming. Internalization of excessive NPs to plants endorses negative implications at higher trophic levels via biomagnification. The characteristics of NPs (dimensions, type, solubility, surface charge), applied concentration and duration of exposure are prime factors conferring nanotoxicity in plants. Several reports approved NPs persuaded toxicity can precisely mimic abiotic stress effects. The signature effects of nanotoxicity include poor root outgrowth, biomass reduction, oxidative stress evolution, lipid peroxidation, biomolecular damage, perturbed antioxidants, genotoxicity and nutrient imbalance in plants. NPs stress impels mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade and urges stress responsive defence gene expression to counteract stress in plants. Exogenous supplementation of nitric oxide (NO), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), phytohormones, and melatonin (ME) is novel strategy to circumvent nanotoxicity. Briefly, this review appraises plants\' physio-biochemical responses and adaptation scenarios to endure NPs stress. As NPs stress represents large-scale contaminants, advanced research is indispensable to avert indiscriminate NPs usage for synchronizing nano-security in multinational markets.
摘要：
纳米粒子（NPs）对社会是恩惠还是祸患，最近一直是深入辩论和关键考虑的中心。独特的物理化学特性，如小尺寸，大的表面积-体积比，强大的催化活性，巨大的表面能量,磁性和优越的生物相容性使NPs在许多科学领域是强制性的，生物医学和工业企业。纳米功能产品是当今时代的新进入者。为了减轻环境压力，最大限度地提高作物产量，科学家们很想在农业中引入NPs作为增强补充剂。NPs输送的可行方法是灌溉，叶面喷施或种子引发。过量的NPs对植物的内化通过生物放大作用在较高的营养水平上具有负面影响。NP的特征(尺寸，type,溶解度，表面电荷)，施加的浓度和暴露的持续时间是赋予植物纳米毒性的主要因素。几份报告批准的NP说服毒性可以精确模拟非生物胁迫效应。纳米毒性的特征效应包括根系生长不良，生物量减少，氧化应激演变，脂质过氧化，生物分子损伤,扰乱的抗氧化剂，植物的遗传毒性和营养失衡。NPs胁迫推动丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶信号级联，并促进胁迫响应防御基因表达以抵消植物中的胁迫。外源性补充一氧化氮（NO），丛枝菌根真菌（AMF），植物激素,褪黑激素（ME）是规避纳米毒性的新策略。简而言之，这篇综述评估了植物承受NPs胁迫的生理生化反应和适应方案。由于NP应力代表大规模污染物，先进的研究对于避免在跨国市场中不分青红皂白地使用NPs来同步纳米安全是必不可少的。
