Abstract：
Many organisms incorporate inorganic solids into their tissues to improve functional and mechanical properties. The resulting mineralized tissues are called biominerals. Several studies have shown that nacreous biominerals induce osteoblastic extracellular mineralization. Among them, Pinctada margaritifera is well known for the ability of its organic matrix to stimulate bone cells. In this context, we aimed to study the effects of shell extracts from three other Pinctada species (Pinctada radiata, Pinctada maxima, and Pinctada fucata) on osteoblastic extracellular matrix mineralization, by using an in vitro model of mouse osteoblastic precursor cells (MC3T3-E1). For a better understanding of the Pinctada-bone mineralization relationship, we evaluated the effects of 4 other nacreous mollusks that are phylogenetically distant and distinct from the Pinctada genus. In addition, we tested 12 non-nacreous mollusks and one extra-group. Biomineral shell powders were prepared, and their organic matrix was partially extracted using ethanol. Firstly, the effect of these powders and extracts was assessed on the viability of MC3T3-E1. Our results indicated that neither the powder nor the ethanol-soluble matrix (ESM) affected cell viability at low concentrations. Then, we evaluated osteoblastic mineralization using Alizarin Red staining and we found a prominent MC3T3-E1 mineralization mainly induced by nacreous biominerals, especially those belonging to the Pinctada genus. However, few non-nacreous biominerals were also able to stimulate the extracellular mineralization. Overall, our findings validate the remarkable ability of CaCO3 biomineral extracts to promote bone mineralization. Nevertheless, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to uncover the mechanisms of action of biominerals in bone.
摘要：
许多生物体将无机固体掺入其组织中以改善功能和机械性能。产生的矿化组织称为生物矿物质。多项研究表明，珍珠质生物矿物质可诱导成骨细胞的细胞外矿化。其中,Pinctadamargaritifera以其有机基质刺激骨细胞的能力而闻名。在这种情况下，我们旨在研究来自其他三种Pinctada物种的壳提取物的影响(Pinctadaradiata，Pinctadamaxima,和Pinctadafucata）对成骨细胞细胞外基质矿化，通过使用小鼠成骨细胞前体细胞(MC3T3-E1)的体外模型。为了更好地理解Pinctada-骨矿化关系，我们评估了其他4种软体动物的影响，这些软体动物在系统发育上很远，并且与Pinctada属不同。此外,我们测试了12个非珍珠质软体动物和一个额外的组。制备了生物矿物壳粉末，它们的有机基质用乙醇部分提取。首先,评估这些粉末和提取物对MC3T3-E1的活力的影响。我们的结果表明，粉末和乙醇可溶性基质（ESM）在低浓度下都不会影响细胞活力。然后，我们使用茜素红染色评估成骨细胞矿化，我们发现主要由珍珠质生物矿物质诱导的显著MC3T3-E1矿化，尤其是那些属于Pinctada属的。然而,少数非珍珠质生物矿物也能够刺激细胞外矿化。总的来说,我们的发现验证了CaCO3生物矿物提取物促进骨矿化的显着能力。然而，需要进一步的体外和体内研究来揭示生物矿物质在骨骼中的作用机制。
