PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Zoonotic nematodes of the genus Trichinella are foodborne parasites that have a global distribution in wild carnivores and omnivores, with spillover and spillback into domestic livestock and people, with concomitant trade and health consequences. Historically, most human cases were linked to domestic pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis, but under current high biosecurity swine production in many countries, wildlife have become a more important source of human trichinellosis. The aim of this review is to update the global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes reported in wildlife, as well as reported human outbreaks from the consumption of wildlife. Using several online databases and by \"snowballing\" references, hundreds of reports of Trichinella spp. in wildlife published between January 1991 and December 2023 provide an important update to the host and geographic range for each of the recognized 13 species/genotypes, grouped by continent. Surveillance effort was highest in Europe and North America, while Africa, Asia, Central and South America have had limited surveillance, in some instances with human cases serving as sentinels of transmission in a region. Dozens of human outbreaks are described, with wild boars (Sus scrofa) being the most frequently implicated wildlife species in human outbreaks globally. Bears are an important source of infection in North America, for wildlife tourism, and importation of bear meat has also been implicated in multicountry outbreaks. The largest study limitation was the dearth of molecular identification of larvae in both wildlife surveillance studies and human outbreaks, particulary in under-studied regions. We highlight the need for enhanced molecular epidemiological approaches to outbreaks of this important foodborne parasite, and emphasize the need for a One Health approach to manage Trichinella spp. which transmit among terrestrial and marine wildlife (including migratory birds), pigs, horses, and people, often across large geographic scales and borders.
摘要：
旋毛虫属的人畜共患线虫是食源性寄生虫，在野生食肉动物和杂食动物中具有全球分布，随着对家畜和人的溢出和溢出，伴随着贸易和健康的后果。历史上,大多数人类病例与感染旋毛虫的家猪有关，但是在许多国家目前的高生物安全性猪生产下，野生动物已成为人类旋毛虫病的重要来源。这篇综述的目的是更新野生生物中报告的旋毛虫物种和基因型的全球分布，以及据报道人类因食用野生动物而爆发的疫情。使用多个在线数据库并通过“滚雪球”引用，数以百计的报告旋毛虫属。在1991年1月至2023年12月之间发布的野生动物中，为公认的13种物种/基因型中的每一种提供了重要的宿主和地理范围的更新，按大陆分组。欧洲和北美的监控力度最高,而非洲,亚洲,中美洲和南美洲的监控有限，在某些情况下，人类病例在一个地区作为传播的哨兵。描述了数十起人类爆发，野猪（Susscrofa）是全球人类爆发中最常见的野生动植物物种。熊是北美重要的感染源,野生动物旅游，熊肉的进口也与多国疫情有关。最大的研究限制是在野生动物监测研究和人类爆发中缺乏幼虫的分子鉴定，特别是在研究不足的地区。我们强调需要加强分子流行病学方法来爆发这种重要的食源性寄生虫，并强调需要一个健康的方法来管理旋毛虫属。在陆地和海洋野生动物(包括候鸟)之间传播，猪,马,和人们，通常跨越大的地理尺度和边界。
