Abstract：
The dentition of the chelal moveable digit in cohabiting astigmatids from UK beehives (i.e., Carpoglyphus lactis (Linnaeus), Glycyphagus domesticus (DeGeer), and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)) is characterised for the first time using quantitative tribological measures within a 2D mechanical model. The trophic function of astigmatid chelae are reviewed in terms of macroscopic tools used by humans including hooking devices, pliers, shears, rasps and saws. Comparisons to oribatid claws and isopod dactyli are made. The overall pattern of the moveable digit form of T. putrescentiae is not just a uniformly shrunken/swollen version between the other two taxa at either the macro- or micro-scale. Mastication surface macro-roughness values are in the range of international Roughness Grade Numbers N5-N6. The moveable digit of C. lactis has low rugosity values compared to the glycyphagid and acarid (which are topographically more similar and match that roughness typical of some coral reef surfaces). C. lactis has the most plesiomorphic moveable digit form. The mastication surface of all three species as a chewing tool is distinctly ornamented despite the moveable digit of C. lactis looking like a bar-like beam. The latter has more opportunities to be a multifunctional tool behaviourally than the other two species. Little evidence of any differences in the \'spikiness\' of any \'toothiness\' is found. Some differences with laboratory cultured specimens are found in C. lactis and possibly T. putrescentiae suggesting where selection on the digit may be able to occur. The chelal surface of T. putrescentiae has been deformed morphologically during evolution the most, that of C. lactis the least. Repeated localised surface differentiation is a feature of the moveable digit in G. domesticus compared to the likely more concerted changes over certain nearby locations in T. putrescentiae. An impactful chelal teeth design is present in G. domesticus but this is more equivocal in T. putrescentiae. Pockets within the mastication surface of the glycyphagid (and to some extent for the acarid) may produce foodstuff crunch forces of the scale of the chelal tips of oribatids. The moveable digit dentition of G. domesticus is adapted to shred foodstuff (like a ripsaw) more than that of the grazing/shearing dentition of T. putrescentiae. The collecting \'picker\' design of C. lactis posterior teeth matches the size of Bettsia alvei hyphae which attacks hive-stored pollen. Detritus accumulated in chelal digit gullets through a sawing action matches the smallest observed ingested material. The dentition of C. lactis should produce less friction when moving through food material than G. domesticus. C. lactis is the most hypocarnivorous and may \'skim\' through fluids when feeding. Astigmatid teeth do matter. The three commensal species can avoid direct competition. Future work is proposed in detail.
摘要：
来自英国蜂箱的同居散光中的螯合可移动手指的牙列（即，乳酸字画（Linnaeus），家蝇甘草（DeGeer），首次使用2D力学模型中的定量摩擦学措施对Tyrophagusputresquentiae（Schrank）进行了表征。根据人类使用的宏观工具，包括挂钩装置，对散光的营养功能进行了审查。钳子,剪刀,拉索和锯子.与oribatid爪和等足动物爪进行了比较。腐殖质的可移动数字形式的整体模式不仅是宏观或微观尺度上其他两个分类单元之间的均匀收缩/膨胀版本。咀嚼表面宏观粗糙度值在国际粗糙度等级编号N5-N6的范围内。与甘草和acarid（它们在地形上更相似，并且与某些珊瑚礁表面的典型粗糙度相匹配）相比，丙交酯的可移动指头具有较低的皱度值。丙交酯具有最多形的可移动数字形式。尽管丙交酯的可移动手指看起来像条状梁，但作为咀嚼工具的所有三种物种的咀嚼表面都被清晰地装饰。后者在行为上比其他两个物种有更多的机会成为多功能工具。几乎没有证据表明任何“牙齿”的“尖刺”有任何差异。与实验室培养的标本存在一些差异。乳酸链球菌和可能的腐殖质表明可以在手指上进行选择。腐殖质的螯合物表面在进化过程中发生了最多的形态变形，丙交酯的最少。与腐殖质中某些附近位置的可能更一致的变化相比，家蝇中可移动手指的重复局部表面分化是其特征。家蝇中存在有影响力的chal齿设计，但在腐殖质中更为模棱两可。甘草的咀嚼表面内的口袋（在某种程度上，对于扁桃而言）可能会产生与牙体螯合尖端规模相当的食物紧缩力。与腐殖质的放牧/剪切牙列相比，家蝇的可移动牙列更适合切碎食品（例如锯锯）。C.lactis后牙的收集“采摘器”设计与攻击蜂巢储存的花粉的Bettsia肺泡菌丝的大小相匹配。通过锯切作用积累在螯合指齿中的碎屑与观察到的最小摄入物质相匹配。当移动通过食物材料时，C的牙列应产生比G.domesticus更少的摩擦。C.乳酸是最食肉动物，在进食时可能会通过液体脱脂。污名化的牙齿确实很重要。这三个共生物种可以避免直接竞争。对今后的工作进行了详细的阐述。
