Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The neural underpinnings underlying individual differences in nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity and smoking progression are poorly understood. Thus, we investigated whether brain resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) during smoking abstinence predicts nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity and smoking progression in young light smokers. We hypothesized that high rsFC between brain areas with high densities of nicotinic receptors (insula, anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], hippocampus, thalamus) and areas involved in reward-seeking (nucleus accumbens [NAcc], prefrontal cortex [PFC]) would predict nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity and smoking progression.
METHODS: Young light smokers (N=64, age 18-24, M = 1.89 cigarettes/day) participated in the study. These individuals smoked between 5 to 35 cigarettes per week and lifetime use never exceeded 35 cigarettes per week. Their rsFC was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging after 14-hour nicotine-deprivation. Subjects also completed a probabilistic reward task after smoking a placebo on one day and a regular cigarette on another day.
RESULTS: The probabilistic-reward-task assessed greater nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity was associated with greater rsFC between the right anterior PFC and right NAcc, but with reduced rsFC between the ACC and left inferior prefrontal gyrus and the insula and ACC. Decreased rsFC within the salience network (ACC and insula) predicted increased smoking progression across 18 months and greater nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide the first evidence that differences in rsFCs in young light smokers are associated with nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity and smoking progression.
CONCLUSIONS: Weaker rsFC within the salience network predicted greater nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity and smoking progression. These findings suggest that salience network rsFC and drug-enhanced reward sensitivity may be useful tools and potential endophenotypes for reward sensitivity and drug-dependence research.
METHODS: Young light smokers (N=64, age 18-24, M = 1.89 cigarettes/day) participated in the study. These individuals smoked between 5 to 35 cigarettes per week and lifetime use never exceeded 35 cigarettes per week. Their rsFC was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging after 14-hour nicotine-deprivation. Subjects also completed a probabilistic reward task after smoking a placebo on one day and a regular cigarette on another day.
RESULTS: The probabilistic-reward-task assessed greater nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity was associated with greater rsFC between the right anterior PFC and right NAcc, but with reduced rsFC between the ACC and left inferior prefrontal gyrus and the insula and ACC. Decreased rsFC within the salience network (ACC and insula) predicted increased smoking progression across 18 months and greater nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide the first evidence that differences in rsFCs in young light smokers are associated with nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity and smoking progression.
CONCLUSIONS: Weaker rsFC within the salience network predicted greater nicotine-enhanced reward sensitivity and smoking progression. These findings suggest that salience network rsFC and drug-enhanced reward sensitivity may be useful tools and potential endophenotypes for reward sensitivity and drug-dependence research.
摘要：
背景：对尼古丁增强的奖赏敏感性和吸烟进展中个体差异的神经基础了解甚少。因此，我们调查了戒烟期间的脑静息态功能连接(rsFC)是否可预测年轻轻度吸烟者的尼古丁增强的奖赏敏感性和吸烟进展.我们假设具有高密度烟碱受体的大脑区域之间的rsFC高（脑岛，前扣带皮质[ACC]，海马体,丘脑)和涉及寻求奖励的区域(伏隔核[NAcc]，前额叶皮层[PFC]）将预测尼古丁增强的奖励敏感性和吸烟进展。
方法：年轻轻度吸烟者（N=64，年龄18-24，M=1.89支香烟/天）参加了研究。这些人每周吸烟5至35支香烟，终生使用从未超过每周35支香烟。在尼古丁剥夺14小时后，使用功能磁共振成像评估了他们的rsFC。受试者还在一天吸烟安慰剂和另一天吸烟常规香烟后完成了概率奖励任务。
结果：概率奖励任务评估的更高的尼古丁增强奖励敏感性与右前PFC和右NAcc之间的更高的rsFC相关，但ACC和左前额下回以及脑岛和ACC之间的rsFC减少。显著性网络（ACC和脑岛）内rsFC的降低预测了18个月内吸烟进展的增加和尼古丁增强的奖励敏感性的增加。
结论：这些发现提供了第一个证据，表明年轻轻度吸烟者rsFC的差异与尼古丁增强的奖赏敏感性和吸烟进展有关。
结论：显著性网络内较弱的rsFC预测尼古丁增强的奖赏敏感性和吸烟进展。这些发现表明，显着性网络rsFC和药物增强的奖励敏感性可能是奖励敏感性和药物依赖性研究的有用工具和潜在内表型。
方法：年轻轻度吸烟者（N=64，年龄18-24，M=1.89支香烟/天）参加了研究。这些人每周吸烟5至35支香烟，终生使用从未超过每周35支香烟。在尼古丁剥夺14小时后，使用功能磁共振成像评估了他们的rsFC。受试者还在一天吸烟安慰剂和另一天吸烟常规香烟后完成了概率奖励任务。
结果：概率奖励任务评估的更高的尼古丁增强奖励敏感性与右前PFC和右NAcc之间的更高的rsFC相关，但ACC和左前额下回以及脑岛和ACC之间的rsFC减少。显著性网络（ACC和脑岛）内rsFC的降低预测了18个月内吸烟进展的增加和尼古丁增强的奖励敏感性的增加。
结论：这些发现提供了第一个证据，表明年轻轻度吸烟者rsFC的差异与尼古丁增强的奖赏敏感性和吸烟进展有关。
结论：显著性网络内较弱的rsFC预测尼古丁增强的奖赏敏感性和吸烟进展。这些发现表明，显着性网络rsFC和药物增强的奖励敏感性可能是奖励敏感性和药物依赖性研究的有用工具和潜在内表型。
