关键词： ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme AP1, activator protein 1 COVID-19 COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019 ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration GNSO, S-nitrosoglutathione H1N1, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 HI, Host Immunology HIV, human immunodeficiency virus HPV, human papillomavirus HSV, herpes simplex virus I/R, pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion IC50, inhibitory concentration 50 IFN, interferon IFNγ, interferon gamma IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase IRF-1, interferon regulatory factor 1 Inhalation therapy Medical Terminology: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells NO, nitric oxide NOS, nitric oxide synthase Nitric Oxide and Related Compounds: eNOS/NOS 3, endothelial nitric oxide synthase Nitric oxide Other: DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid P38-MAPK, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern PCV2, porcine circovirus type 2 PHT, pulmonary hypertension PKR, protein kinase R RNA, ribonucleic acid RNI, reactive nitrogen intermediate RSNO, S-nitrosothiol SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SNAP, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine STAT-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 Severe acute respiratory distress TAK1, transforming growth factor β-activated kinases-1 TLR, toll-like receptor VAP, ventilator associated pneumonia Viral infection Viruses: CVB3, coxsackievirus dsRNA, double stranded (viral) ribonucleic acid gNO, gaseous nitric oxide iNOS/NOS 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase mtALDH, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase nNOS/NOS 1, neuronal nitric oxide synthase

来  源：   DOI：10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100887   PDF(Pubmed)

Abstract：
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter of great significance to developing the innate immune response to many bacterial and viral infections, while also modulating vascular physiology. The generation of NO from the upregulation of endogenous nitric oxide synthases serves as an efficacious method for inhibiting viral replication in host defense and warrants investigation for the development of antiviral therapeutics. With increased incidence of global pandemics concerning several respiratory-based viral infections, it is necessary to develop broad therapeutic platforms for inhibiting viral replication and enabling more efficient host clearance, as well as to fabricate new materials for deterring viral transmission from medical devices. Recent developments in creating stabilized NO donor compounds and their incorporation into macromolecular scaffolds and polymeric substrates has created a new paradigm for developing NO-based therapeutics for long-term NO release in applications for bactericidal and blood-contacting surfaces. Despite this abundance of research, there has been little consideration of NO-releasing scaffolds and substrates for reducing passive transmission of viral infections or for treating several respiratory viral infections. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances in developing gaseous NO, NO prodrugs, and NO donor compounds for antiviral therapies; discuss the limitations of NO as an antiviral agent; and outline future prospects for guiding materials design of a next generation of NO-releasing antiviral platforms.
摘要：
一氧化氮（NO）是一种重要的气体发射器，对许多细菌和病毒感染的先天免疫反应的发展具有重要意义。同时还调节血管生理学。从内源性一氧化氮合酶的上调产生NO是抑制宿主防御中病毒复制的有效方法，并需要对抗病毒疗法的开发进行研究。随着与几种呼吸道病毒感染有关的全球大流行的发病率增加，有必要开发广泛的治疗平台来抑制病毒复制并实现更有效的宿主清除，以及制造新材料来阻止医疗设备中的病毒传播。在产生稳定的NO供体化合物及其掺入大分子支架和聚合物基材中的最新进展为开发基于NO的治疗剂以在杀菌和接触血液的表面的应用中长期释放NO创造了新的范例。尽管有大量的研究，很少考虑释放NO的支架和基质来减少病毒感染的被动传播或治疗几种呼吸道病毒感染。这篇综述的目的是强调开发气态NO的最新进展，没有前药，和NO供体化合物用于抗病毒治疗；讨论NO作为抗病毒剂的局限性；并概述了指导材料设计下一代NO释放抗病毒平台的未来前景。
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