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Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Antimicrobials are extensively used in poultry production for growth promotion as well as for the treatment and control of diseases, including avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Poor selection, overuse, and misuse of antimicrobial agents may promote the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in APEC. This study aimed to assess antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and detect antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in APEC isolated from clinical cases of colibacillosis in commercial broiler, layer, and breeder chickens.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 487 APEC were isolated from 539 across 300 poultry farms in various regions of Nepal. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The index of AMR, such as multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index, resistance score (R-score), and multidrug resistance (MDR) profile, were determined. Polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect multiple ARGs and correlations between phenotypic and genotypic resistance were analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: The prevalence of APEC was 91% (487/539). All of these isolates were found resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 41.7% of the isolates were resistant against 8-9 different antimicrobials. The antibiogram of APEC isolates overall showed the highest resistance against ampicillin (99.4%), whereas the highest intermediate resistance was observed in enrofloxacin (92%). The MAR index and R-score showed significant differences between broiler and layers, as well as between broiler breeder and layers. The number of isolates that were resistant to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories tested was 446 (91.6%) and were classified as MDR-positive isolates. The ARGs were identified in 439 (90.1%) APEC isolates, including the most detected mobilized colistin resistance (mcr1) which was detected in the highest (52.6%) isolates. Overall, resistance gene of beta-lactam (blaTEM), mcr1, resistance gene of sulphonamide (sul1) and resistance gene of tetracycline (tetB) (in broiler), were detected in significantly higher than other tested genes (p < 0.001). When examining the pair-wise correlations, a significant phenotype-phenotype correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline with doxycycline. Similarly, a significant phenotype-genotype correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between chloramphenicol and the tetB, and colistin with blaTEM and resistance gene of quinolone (qnrA).
UNASSIGNED: In this study, the current state of APEC AMR in commercial chickens is revealed for the first time in Nepal. We deciphered the complex nature of AMR in APEC populations. This information of molecular surveillance is useful to combat AMR in APEC and to contribute to manage APEC associated diseases and develop policies and guidelines to enhance the commercial chicken production.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 487 APEC were isolated from 539 across 300 poultry farms in various regions of Nepal. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The index of AMR, such as multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index, resistance score (R-score), and multidrug resistance (MDR) profile, were determined. Polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect multiple ARGs and correlations between phenotypic and genotypic resistance were analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: The prevalence of APEC was 91% (487/539). All of these isolates were found resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 41.7% of the isolates were resistant against 8-9 different antimicrobials. The antibiogram of APEC isolates overall showed the highest resistance against ampicillin (99.4%), whereas the highest intermediate resistance was observed in enrofloxacin (92%). The MAR index and R-score showed significant differences between broiler and layers, as well as between broiler breeder and layers. The number of isolates that were resistant to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories tested was 446 (91.6%) and were classified as MDR-positive isolates. The ARGs were identified in 439 (90.1%) APEC isolates, including the most detected mobilized colistin resistance (mcr1) which was detected in the highest (52.6%) isolates. Overall, resistance gene of beta-lactam (blaTEM), mcr1, resistance gene of sulphonamide (sul1) and resistance gene of tetracycline (tetB) (in broiler), were detected in significantly higher than other tested genes (p < 0.001). When examining the pair-wise correlations, a significant phenotype-phenotype correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline with doxycycline. Similarly, a significant phenotype-genotype correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between chloramphenicol and the tetB, and colistin with blaTEM and resistance gene of quinolone (qnrA).
UNASSIGNED: In this study, the current state of APEC AMR in commercial chickens is revealed for the first time in Nepal. We deciphered the complex nature of AMR in APEC populations. This information of molecular surveillance is useful to combat AMR in APEC and to contribute to manage APEC associated diseases and develop policies and guidelines to enhance the commercial chicken production.
摘要：
抗菌药物广泛用于家禽生产，以促进生长以及治疗和控制疾病，包括禽致病性大肠杆菌（APEC）。选择不佳，过度使用,滥用抗菌药物可能会促进抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）在APEC中的出现和传播。这项研究旨在评估抗菌药物敏感性模式，并检测从商业肉鸡大肠杆菌病临床病例中分离出的APEC中的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）。图层,和种鸡。
■从尼泊尔各个地区的300个家禽养殖场的539个中分离出了487个APEC。使用Kirby-Bauer圆盘扩散和肉汤微量稀释方法确定了抗菌敏感性模式。AMR指数，如多重抗生素耐药性(MAR)指数，阻力评分（R评分），和多药耐药(MDR)概况，决心。采用聚合酶链反应检测多种ARGs，并分析表型和基因型抗性之间的相关性。
■APEC的患病率为91%（487/539）。所有这些分离株都对至少一种抗微生物剂具有抗性，41.7％的分离株对8-9种不同的抗菌药物具有抗性。APEC分离株的抗菌谱总体上对氨苄青霉素的耐药性最高（99.4％），而在恩诺沙星中观察到最高的中间耐药性（92％）。MAR指数和R评分显示肉鸡和蛋鸡之间存在显着差异，以及肉鸡饲养员和蛋鸡之间。对三个或更多个抗微生物类别中的至少一种药物具有抗性的分离株的数量为446个(91.6%),并且被分类为MDR阳性分离株。在439个(90.1%)APEC分离物中鉴定了ARGs，包括在最高（52.6％）的分离株中检测到的最多的动员粘菌素抗性（mcr1）。总的来说,β-内酰胺抗性基因(blaTEM),mcr1、磺酰胺抗性基因(sul1)和四环素抗性基因(tetB)(肉鸡),显著高于其他测试基因(p<0.001)。当检查成对相关性时，在左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星之间观察到显着的表型-表型相关性（p<0.001），氯霉素和四环素与强力霉素。同样，在氯霉素和tetB之间观察到显着的表型-基因型相关性（p<0.001），和具有blaTEM和喹诺酮耐药基因（qnrA）的粘菌素。
■在这项研究中，在尼泊尔首次揭示了APEC商品鸡AMR的现状。我们破译了APEC人群中AMR的复杂性。这些分子监测信息有助于在APEC中对抗AMR，并有助于管理APEC相关疾病，并制定政策和指导方针以提高商业鸡肉生产。
■从尼泊尔各个地区的300个家禽养殖场的539个中分离出了487个APEC。使用Kirby-Bauer圆盘扩散和肉汤微量稀释方法确定了抗菌敏感性模式。AMR指数，如多重抗生素耐药性(MAR)指数，阻力评分（R评分），和多药耐药(MDR)概况，决心。采用聚合酶链反应检测多种ARGs，并分析表型和基因型抗性之间的相关性。
■APEC的患病率为91%（487/539）。所有这些分离株都对至少一种抗微生物剂具有抗性，41.7％的分离株对8-9种不同的抗菌药物具有抗性。APEC分离株的抗菌谱总体上对氨苄青霉素的耐药性最高（99.4％），而在恩诺沙星中观察到最高的中间耐药性（92％）。MAR指数和R评分显示肉鸡和蛋鸡之间存在显着差异，以及肉鸡饲养员和蛋鸡之间。对三个或更多个抗微生物类别中的至少一种药物具有抗性的分离株的数量为446个(91.6%),并且被分类为MDR阳性分离株。在439个(90.1%)APEC分离物中鉴定了ARGs，包括在最高（52.6％）的分离株中检测到的最多的动员粘菌素抗性（mcr1）。总的来说,β-内酰胺抗性基因(blaTEM),mcr1、磺酰胺抗性基因(sul1)和四环素抗性基因(tetB)(肉鸡),显著高于其他测试基因(p<0.001)。当检查成对相关性时，在左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星之间观察到显着的表型-表型相关性（p<0.001），氯霉素和四环素与强力霉素。同样，在氯霉素和tetB之间观察到显着的表型-基因型相关性（p<0.001），和具有blaTEM和喹诺酮耐药基因（qnrA）的粘菌素。
■在这项研究中，在尼泊尔首次揭示了APEC商品鸡AMR的现状。我们破译了APEC人群中AMR的复杂性。这些分子监测信息有助于在APEC中对抗AMR，并有助于管理APEC相关疾病，并制定政策和指导方针以提高商业鸡肉生产。
