Abstract：
This paper identifies the health penalty experienced by girls due to having a brother from endogenous sibling gender composition. We propose a girls-to-girls comparison strategy and rule out the confounding effect from the sibship size, birth interval, and birth order. Employing an instrumental variable approach and data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies, we find that girls with a brother are demonstrably shorter and report poorer health. This \"brother\'s penalty\" manifests even prenatally. Alternative explanations, such as birth order disadvantages, are carefully addressed and ruled out. The results hold even after excluding gender-neutral ethnic minorities. This observed penalty is likely attributed to unequal resource allocation within families and potential parental neglect. This penalty is amplified in families with lower income and maternal education, implying resource constraints contribute to gender discrimination. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing intrafamily gender bias for ensuring equal opportunities and health outcomes. Clinical trial registration: Not applicable.
摘要：
本文确定了女孩由于有一个来自内源性兄弟姐妹性别组成的兄弟而遭受的健康惩罚。我们提出了一种女孩对女孩的比较策略，并排除了同胞大小的混淆效应，出生间隔,出生顺序采用工具变量方法和来自中国家庭面板研究的数据，我们发现有兄弟的女孩明显较矮，健康状况较差。这个“兄弟的惩罚”甚至在出生前就显现出来了。替代解释，如出生顺序的缺点，被仔细处理并排除在外。即使排除了不分性别的少数民族，结果仍然有效。这种观察到的惩罚可能归因于家庭内部资源分配不平等和潜在的父母忽视。这种惩罚在低收入和母亲教育程度较低的家庭中被放大，这意味着资源限制会导致性别歧视。我们的发现强调了解决家庭内性别偏见对确保平等机会和健康结果的重要性。临床试验注册：不适用。
